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本届世界杯“软实力”冠军揭晓

本届世界杯“软实力”冠军揭晓

SIMON CHADWICK,PAUL WIDDOP,THE CONVERSATION 2022-12-20
软实力是一种外交政策工具,利用音乐、时尚和体育等事物来塑造全球认知和心态。

阿根廷的利昂内尔·梅西(Lionel Messi)举起世界杯奖杯庆祝。图片来源:MARC ATKINS/GETTY IMAGES

历经四周64场比赛和十多年的争议,阿根廷在卡塔尔赢得了国际足联男子世界杯冠军。在梅西和他的队友庆祝战胜法国队的同时,另一场比赛也落下了帷幕:“软实力”之战。

软实力是一种外交政策工具,利用音乐、时尚和体育等事物来塑造全球认知和心态。国际足联世界杯也许是终极软实力平台,有32个国家向数十亿人展示他们的软实力。

在赛事期间,可以观察到三种类型的软实力:“辉煌”软实力,来自高水平的表现,不由让人产生钦佩之情;“美丽”软实力,激发了希望和团结意识;以及“良性”软实力,体现在积极的态度和利他主义中。

利用这些类别,我们确定了2022年“软实力世界杯”的国家排名。

冠军:法国

在全球软实力排名中,法国的排名因在2018年俄罗斯世界杯上夺冠而上升。在2022年世界杯上,法国队的表现推动法国国家形象和声誉进一步提升。这支球队是“辉煌”软实力的缩影,将风格和优雅与灵敏和竞争力相结合,并展现出国际化、多元化和团结的形象。

一名球员(可以说是目前世界上最好的球员)在这方面发挥了重要作用:基利安·姆巴佩(Kylian Mbappé)。他效力于巴黎圣日耳曼足球俱乐部(PSG),该俱乐部是法国软实力故事的重要组成部分。在精心管理下,通过足球、时尚和音乐的结合,帮助法国塑造了良好声誉。

据报道,今年早些时候,法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙(Emmanuel Macron)出面劝说姆巴佩不要离开巴黎圣日耳曼转会皇马(Real Madrid),这就是他对法国的重要性。在全球事务中需要魅力、风格和自信,马克龙对这一点深信不疑。法国队进入半决赛后,他飞往多哈,会见了卡塔尔埃米尔。在决赛的全场比赛中,他反复安慰姆巴佩。

亚军:韩国

凭借“鼓舞人心”的软实力,韩国的足球明星效应持续升温。这部分是政府实施的政策带来的结果,另一方面也是私营部门高涨的爱国主义带来的结果。

韩国队的首场比赛是在歌手田柾国(Jung Kook)出席开幕式之后进行的。田柾国是防弹少年团(BTS)的歌手,该乐队一直处于被称为“韩流”(或K-wave)的前沿,使韩国在电影、电视和音乐领域处于全球舞台的中心。汽车制造商现代起亚也与田柾国进行了合作,该公司与防弹少年团签订了代言协议,也是国际足联(FIFA)的主要赞助商。

韩国也很幸运,他们实力最强的球员——托特纳姆热刺队(Tottenham Hotspur)的孙兴慜伤愈复出,为球队赢得了全球认可。韩国人挥洒自如的比赛风格,再加上热情洋溢的球迷,完美地展现了国家能量,使其成为21世纪流行文化巨头。

第三名:摩洛哥

由于赛前足球排名落后于前20名,在大型赛事中表现不佳,没有大牌球员,人们的期望并不高。但这届世界杯对摩洛哥来说是一场胜利,无论是场上还是场下。

球队欢快的氛围、无拘无束的比赛方式产生了相当大的软实力价值,个别球员也是如此。中场球员索菲亚内·鲍法尔(Sofiane Boufal)在球队战胜葡萄牙队后与母亲在球场上跳舞的场面,是令人信服的家庭和团结的行为,引起了世界各地人们的共鸣。许多人后来将阿特拉斯雄狮队(Atlas Lions)作为他们第二喜爱的球队。

这一点在阿拉伯世界表现得最为明显,摩洛哥比以往任何一支来自中东或北非的球队都走得更远。摩洛哥球员对巴勒斯坦的公开支持也帮助球队与该地区的球迷建立了联系。

第四名:日本

日本队在卡塔尔收获了大量新球迷。就像2018年世界杯一样,大批日本球迷抵达现场,并再次主动承担了赛后场馆的清理工作。作为“良性”软实力的冠军,日本国家队还在赛后清理了更衣室。

整理内务在日本是有悠久历史的。早在近藤麻理惠(Marie Kondo)上台之前,整理和清洁就已经是日本文化结构的一部分。卡塔尔的赛后清理工作强化了这一流行惯例,并彰显了其软实力潜力。

但这次比赛不仅仅展示了该国的利他主义行为。这支球队在对阵德国和西班牙这两个欧洲足球超级大国的比赛中取得了惊人的胜利。

第五名:沙特阿拉伯

“绿色猎鹰”作为一个被广泛视为贱民的国家的代表前往卡塔尔。虽然这支球队在小组赛阶段就出局了,但它在这个过程中赢得了人心。

大量球迷来到了多哈,他们在比赛前的聚集凸显了这支球队的吸引力。社交媒体上一个疯传的帖子显示,在沙特阿拉伯击败最终的冠军阿根廷后,大批支持者伴着1996年的流行歌曲跳起舞来,这进一步提升了该球队的吸引力。

尽管人们对沙特阿拉伯的政治阴谋仍有担忧(尤其是对其体育洗白(举办运动赛事来提高国家声誉)的指控),这是合乎情理的,但卡塔尔主办的赛事展示了沙特公民积极的、与众不同的一面。对足球的全民热情让远道而来的球迷感到沙特公民很有人情味。

特别提名奖:卡塔尔

从提交申办世界杯的那一刻起,卡塔尔就一直在寻求投射软实力。这个国家的热情好客,没有足球流氓暴力,以及充满活力的球迷区似乎对它很有利。

但它也可能发现自己被剥夺了权力,因为人们对移民工人和性少数群体权利的担忧仍然存在。考验将是人们在未来几年如何谈论卡塔尔这个国家和它主办的赛事。不过,就目前而言,尽管球员和球迷可能感觉不到这一点,但软实力的大赢家属于法国。(财富中文网)

西蒙·查德威克(Simon Chadwick), SKEMA商学院体育和地缘政治经济学教授,保罗·维多普(Paul Widdop),曼彻斯特大学体育商业研究员。

本文以创作共用协议的形式转载自The Conversation。

译者:中慧言-王芳

历经四周64场比赛和十多年的争议,阿根廷在卡塔尔赢得了国际足联男子世界杯冠军。在梅西和他的队友庆祝战胜法国队的同时,另一场比赛也落下了帷幕:“软实力”之战。

软实力是一种外交政策工具,利用音乐、时尚和体育等事物来塑造全球认知和心态。国际足联世界杯也许是终极软实力平台,有32个国家向数十亿人展示他们的软实力。

在赛事期间,可以观察到三种类型的软实力:“辉煌”软实力,来自高水平的表现,不由让人产生钦佩之情;“美丽”软实力,激发了希望和团结意识;以及“良性”软实力,体现在积极的态度和利他主义中。

利用这些类别,我们确定了2022年“软实力世界杯”的国家排名。

冠军:法国

在全球软实力排名中,法国的排名因在2018年俄罗斯世界杯上夺冠而上升。在2022年世界杯上,法国队的表现推动法国国家形象和声誉进一步提升。这支球队是“辉煌”软实力的缩影,将风格和优雅与灵敏和竞争力相结合,并展现出国际化、多元化和团结的形象。

一名球员(可以说是目前世界上最好的球员)在这方面发挥了重要作用:基利安·姆巴佩(Kylian Mbappé)。他效力于巴黎圣日耳曼足球俱乐部(PSG),该俱乐部是法国软实力故事的重要组成部分。在精心管理下,通过足球、时尚和音乐的结合,帮助法国塑造了良好声誉。

据报道,今年早些时候,法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙(Emmanuel Macron)出面劝说姆巴佩不要离开巴黎圣日耳曼转会皇马(Real Madrid),这就是他对法国的重要性。在全球事务中需要魅力、风格和自信,马克龙对这一点深信不疑。法国队进入半决赛后,他飞往多哈,会见了卡塔尔埃米尔。在决赛的全场比赛中,他反复安慰姆巴佩。

亚军:韩国

凭借“鼓舞人心”的软实力,韩国的足球明星效应持续升温。这部分是政府实施的政策带来的结果,另一方面也是私营部门高涨的爱国主义带来的结果。

韩国队的首场比赛是在歌手田柾国(Jung Kook)出席开幕式之后进行的。田柾国是防弹少年团(BTS)的歌手,该乐队一直处于被称为“韩流”(或K-wave)的前沿,使韩国在电影、电视和音乐领域处于全球舞台的中心。汽车制造商现代起亚也与田柾国进行了合作,该公司与防弹少年团签订了代言协议,也是国际足联(FIFA)的主要赞助商。

韩国也很幸运,他们实力最强的球员——托特纳姆热刺队(Tottenham Hotspur)的孙兴慜伤愈复出,为球队赢得了全球认可。韩国人挥洒自如的比赛风格,再加上热情洋溢的球迷,完美地展现了国家能量,使其成为21世纪流行文化巨头。

第三名:摩洛哥

由于赛前足球排名落后于前20名,在大型赛事中表现不佳,没有大牌球员,人们的期望并不高。但这届世界杯对摩洛哥来说是一场胜利,无论是场上还是场下。

球队欢快的氛围、无拘无束的比赛方式产生了相当大的软实力价值,个别球员也是如此。中场球员索菲亚内·鲍法尔(Sofiane Boufal)在球队战胜葡萄牙队后与母亲在球场上跳舞的场面,是令人信服的家庭和团结的行为,引起了世界各地人们的共鸣。许多人后来将阿特拉斯雄狮队(Atlas Lions)作为他们第二喜爱的球队。

这一点在阿拉伯世界表现得最为明显,摩洛哥比以往任何一支来自中东或北非的球队都走得更远。摩洛哥球员对巴勒斯坦的公开支持也帮助球队与该地区的球迷建立了联系。

第四名:日本

日本队在卡塔尔收获了大量新球迷。就像2018年世界杯一样,大批日本球迷抵达现场,并再次主动承担了赛后场馆的清理工作。作为“良性”软实力的冠军,日本国家队还在赛后清理了更衣室。

整理内务在日本是有悠久历史的。早在近藤麻理惠(Marie Kondo)上台之前,整理和清洁就已经是日本文化结构的一部分。卡塔尔的赛后清理工作强化了这一流行惯例,并彰显了其软实力潜力。

但这次比赛不仅仅展示了该国的利他主义行为。这支球队在对阵德国和西班牙这两个欧洲足球超级大国的比赛中取得了惊人的胜利。

第五名:沙特阿拉伯

“绿色猎鹰”作为一个被广泛视为贱民的国家的代表前往卡塔尔。虽然这支球队在小组赛阶段就出局了,但它在这个过程中赢得了人心。

大量球迷来到了多哈,他们在比赛前的聚集凸显了这支球队的吸引力。社交媒体上一个疯传的帖子显示,在沙特阿拉伯击败最终的冠军阿根廷后,大批支持者伴着1996年的流行歌曲跳起舞来,这进一步提升了该球队的吸引力。

尽管人们对沙特阿拉伯的政治阴谋仍有担忧(尤其是对其体育洗白(举办运动赛事来提高国家声誉)的指控),这是合乎情理的,但卡塔尔主办的赛事展示了沙特公民积极的、与众不同的一面。对足球的全民热情让远道而来的球迷感到沙特公民很有人情味。

特别提名奖:卡塔尔

从提交申办世界杯的那一刻起,卡塔尔就一直在寻求投射软实力。这个国家的热情好客,没有足球流氓暴力,以及充满活力的球迷区似乎对它很有利。

但它也可能发现自己被剥夺了权力,因为人们对移民工人和性少数群体权利的担忧仍然存在。考验将是人们在未来几年如何谈论卡塔尔这个国家和它主办的赛事。不过,就目前而言,尽管球员和球迷可能感觉不到这一点,但软实力的大赢家属于法国。(财富中文网)

西蒙·查德威克(Simon Chadwick), SKEMA商学院体育和地缘政治经济学教授,保罗·维多普(Paul Widdop),曼彻斯特大学体育商业研究员。

本文以创作共用协议的形式转载自The Conversation。

译者:中慧言-王芳

After four weeks, 64 games, and more than a decade of controversy, Argentina has won the Fifa men’s World Cup in Qatar. And as Lionel Messi and his teammates celebrate victory over France, another competition has also reached its conclusion: the battle for “soft power.”

Soft power is a foreign policy tool. It’s about shaping global perceptions and attitudes using things like music, fashion, and sport. The Fifa World Cup is perhaps the ultimate soft power platform, with 32 countries on show to billions of people.

During the event, three types of soft power could be observed: “brilliant” soft power, which comes from high performance levels and generates feelings of admiration; “beautiful” soft power, which inspires hope and a sense of togetherness; and “benign” soft power, which is found in positive attitudes and altruism.

Using these categories we have determined the following national placings for the 2022 “World Cup of Soft Power.”

Winners: France

In global soft power rankings, France was lifted by its win at the 2018 Fifa World Cup in Russia. In 2022, the football team’s performances have only strengthened the national image and reputation. The squad is the epitome of “brilliant” soft power, combining style and elegance with acute competitiveness, and projecting an image that is cosmopolitan, diverse, and united.

One player (arguably the world’s best right now) is instrumental in this: Kylian Mbappé. His club side, Paris Saint Germain (PSG), is a big part of France’s soft power story, helping to build its credentials through a carefully managed combination of football, fashion, and music.

Earlier this year, French president Emmanuel Macron reportedly stepped in to persuade Mbappé not to leave PSG for Real Madrid, such is his importance to France. Macron fully understands the need for charm, style, and confidence in global affairs. When he flew to Doha after France had made it to the semifinals, he met the emir of Qatar. At full time in the final, he repeatedly consoled Mbappé.

Runner-up: South Korea

Masters of “inspirational” soft power, South Korea’s star continues to rise. This is partly a result of government policy, but also the private sector’s enthusiastic patriotism.

South Korea’s first match at the tournament came after an appearance by the singer Jung Kook at the opening ceremony. Kook is a singer with BTS, a band that has been at the forefront of what has become known as the “Korean wave” (or K-wave), which put the country center stage globally in cinema, television, and music. In tandem with Kook came the carmaker Hyundai-Kia, which has an endorsement deal with BTS and is also a key Fifa sponsor.

South Korea was also lucky to have its biggest player—Tottenham Hotspur’s Son Heung-min—back from injury, bringing global recognition to the squad. The Koreans’ swashbuckling style of play, matched by exuberant fans, tapped perfectly into a national energy, which has seen it become a juggernaut of 21st-century popular culture.

Third place: Morocco

With a pre-competition football ranking below the top 20, a history of underperformance in big tournaments, and no big-name players, expectations were not high. But this World Cup has turned out to be a triumph for Morocco, on and off the pitch.

The joyous, uninhibited way in which the team competed generated considerable soft power value, as did some of the individual players. The sight of midfielder Sofiane Boufal dancing on the pitch with his mother after his side’s victory over Portugal was a compelling act of family and togetherness that has resonated with people around the world. Many subsequently adopted the Atlas Lions as their second favorite team. https://www.youtube.com/embed/l1AOzi0MXNo?wmode=transparent&start=2

https://www.youtube.com/embed/l1AOzi0MXNo?wmode=transparent&start=2

Nowhere was this more evident than across the Arab world, Morocco having progressed further than any other previous team from the Middle East or North Africa. The Moroccan players’ public support for Palestine also helped the team bond with fans from across the region.

Fourth place: Japan

Japan won plenty of new fans in Qatar. Just like at the 2018 tournament, Japanese supporters arrived in huge numbers, and again took it upon themselves to undertake post-match tidy-ups of the stadiums. Adding to their position as champions of “benign” soft power, the Japanese national team also cleaned their changing rooms after their matches.

Tidying up has history in Japan. Long before Marie Kondo arrived on the scene, de-cluttering and cleaning were part of the national cultural fabric. Tidying up in Qatar reinforced this popular convention and harnessed its soft power potential.

But the tournament wasn’t just about acts of altruism. The team celebrated stunning victories against two of Europe’s football superpowers, Germany and Spain.

Fifth place: Saudi Arabia

The Green Falcons headed to Qatar as representatives of a nation widely viewed as a pariah. And although the team went out at the group stage, it won many hearts and minds in the process.

A huge number of fans made it to Doha, their congregation before matches highlighting their appeal. This was further enhanced with a viral social media post showing large numbers of supporters dancing to a 1996 pop song after Saudi Arabia beat the eventual champions, Argentina.

And while legitimate concerns remain about Saudi Arabia’s political machinations (not least accusations of sportswashing), events in Qatar showed Saudi citizens in a different and positive light. The traveling fans were humanized by their national passion for football.

Special mention: Qatar

From the very moment it submitted its bid to host the World Cup, Qatar has sought to project soft power. The country’s hospitality, the absence of hooligan violence, and the vibrant fan zones appear to have worked in its favor.

But it may also find itself disempowered, as concerns about migrant workers and LGBTQ+ rights remain. The test will be how Qatar the nation and the event it hosted are talked about in the years to come. For now, though, although it may not feel like it for the players and fans, the big soft power win belongs to France.

Simon Chadwick, professor of sport and geopolitical economy, SKEMA Business School, and Paul Widdop, researcher of sport business, University of Manchester.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.

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