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一个300亿美元的帝国,如何在48小时内崩塌

一个300亿美元的帝国,如何在48小时内崩塌

Chris Stokel-Walker 2022-11-19
在人们眼中,这位加密货币领域创始人乐善好施,还能稳定人心,他的陨落给支持者和敌对者都留下了未解之谜。

一位同事形容萨姆·班克曼-弗里德“心理变态”。图片来源:PHOTOGRAPH BY SPENCER HEYFRON FOR FORTUNE

直到上周,萨姆·班克曼-弗里德似乎注定要以英雄的身份载入加密货币史册——在他的帮助下,数字货币进入主流市场,他还带头发起了一场慈善运动,一些人还将这场慈善运动誉为该行业成熟和日益稳定的标志。

时年30岁的班克曼-弗里德在其财富巅峰时期的身价达到260亿美元,是FTX的创始人,该加密货币交易所迅速成为世界上最大的加密货币交易所之一。他塑造了一种新式巨头形象,是美国民主党的主要捐助者,也是2020年乔·拜登的最大捐助者之一。

在短短几天内,这一切都改变了。班克曼-弗里德名誉扫地。而关于他本人的神话的消亡肯定会拖累整个加密货币领域。(班克曼-弗里德没有回应就本文置评的请求。)

一些人,包括另一位传奇巨擘,现在声称他们了解班克曼-弗里德的底细。埃隆·马斯克于上周末在推特(Twitter)上谈到与班克曼-弗里德的偶遇时称:“我的骗子雷达亮起红灯了。这就像,这家伙就是在胡说八道——这就是我的印象。”

但这位以其名字首字母SBF为人熟知的创始人,无疑赢得了加密货币、金融、科技、政治和流行文化领域里的许多人的青睐。对于那些相信他的话的人来说,问题仍然存在:他是理想主义者,而且过度自信?狡猾,而且涉嫌欺诈?还是他只是一个被击败的冒险者?

无论如何,在不到一周的时间里,SBF的帝国发生了惊人的内爆,这不同寻常的故事比Netflix的惊悚片还要曲折。

萨姆·班克曼-弗里德具备“心理变态”的素质

班克曼-弗里德的父母都是斯坦福大学(Stanford University)的法学教授——母亲芭芭拉·弗里德专攻法律哲学,父亲约瑟夫·班克曼专攻税收。两人都认同功利主义哲学:人们的一切行为准则和关键决策都应该以最大多数人的最大幸福为目标。

SBF毕业于麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology),获得物理学学士学位,然后加入量化交易公司Jane Street Capital。怀着功利主义的理想,班克曼-弗里德从职业生涯开始就把一半的收入捐给了慈善事业。他说,他是一位素食主义者,因为他厌恶肉制品行业的残酷。

“大学毕业后,他开始在加密货币市场进行交易,并发现了一个套利机会,他和他的公司可以在一个市场购买比特币(Bitcoin),然后在另一个市场出售。”竞争对手OKX加密货币交易所的首席营销官海德尔·拉菲克告诉《财富》杂志。“这成了一门有利可图的生意。”

这家企业是Alameda Research,这是SBF于2017年仍然在Jane Street工作时成立的一个加密货币交易集团。这一风险项目催生了FTX,FTX是他在2019年成立的,当时他对现有加密货币交易所没有进行更多高风险、复杂交易感到失望。该公司的总部设在巴哈马群岛的拿索——像许多加密货币交易所一样是离岸公司,这有助于其逃避美国监管机构的审查。班克曼-弗里德聚集了一群来自Jane Street公司和麻省理工学院的朋友,他们一边经营着他的庞大帝国,一边以室友的身份住在巴哈马群岛的一套顶层公寓里,据说那里是各色约会的温床。

在2022年8月的一篇封面报道中,《财富》杂志强调了班克曼-弗里德是如何被加密货币行业的一些人誉为“下一个沃伦·巴菲特”的(同时警告称这一切可能“以灾难告终”)。同事们称赞他才智过人,能力卓群,能够基于风险计算,在头脑冷静的情况下做出重大决定。一位认识他的消息人士告诉《伦敦时报》(Times of London),SBF“心理变态”。“我不是说他有精神病。”他们补充道。“我觉得他就像一台电脑。”

凭借才智过人,SBF从投资者那里筹集了18亿美元的资金。与此同时,FTX在流行文化中的知名度不断提高,买下了迈阿密热火队(Miami Heat)主场的冠名权。(FTX Arena目前正在打算把冠名权出售给其他买家。)喜剧演员拉里·戴维在针对散户投资者的电视广告中为该公司做宣传。超模吉赛尔·邦辰加入公司,担任该公司的环境和社会倡议顾问。美国职业棒球大联盟(Major League Baseball)的裁判员和梅赛德斯(Mercedes)的一级方程式(Formula 1)赛车手精心规划,把FTX标识放在球衣和底盘的突出位置,帮助推广FTX。

在公司繁荣时期,FTX买下了迈阿密热火队主场的冠名权。FTX Arena目前正在打算把冠名权出售给其他买家。图片来源:MATIAS J. OCNER—MIAMI HERALD/TRIBUNE NEWS SERVICE/GETTY IMAGES

FTX已经从一家混乱的小型加密货币交易所发展成为世界上最大的加密货币交易所之一。今年早些时候,由于通货膨胀和更广泛的经济动荡导致加密货币的价格暴跌,班克曼-弗里德把FTX说成是该行业的救世主,出手救助加密货币贷款机构BlockFi,并在另一家公司Voyager Digital破产后收购其资产。班克曼-弗里德当时表示,他这么做的原因是:必须有人来挽救加密货币的声誉。他告诉Decrypt:“我并不清楚是否还有其他人会站出来这么做。”

在接受《财富》杂志采访时,班克曼-弗里德预测,加密货币的寒冬正在逐渐消退,该行业将变得更加强大。“我们已经见证了最糟糕的情况。”他说,“还会有一些糟糕情况出现,但不会太过糟糕了。”他表示,加密货币市场的低迷导致加密货币价格从历史高点回落,这是对行业内表现不尽如人意的企业的“淘汰”,这一“淘汰”很有必要。他指出:“人们不得不重新思考如何对资产进行估值,而且要在方式方法上更接地气一点,并意识到我们将重塑该行业,让该行业更强大,而这一切都是很合理的。”

如今,班克曼-弗里德自己的企业正在经历塌方,这种乐观主义似乎不合时宜。

在48小时内垮台

随着班克曼-弗里德作为加密货币领域白衣骑士的声誉坍塌,一些人开始质疑他所建立的一切是否都是骗局。

这是因为这些数字并不相符。据《金融时报》(Financial Times)报道,在FTX破产时,其主要的国际交易所拥有9亿美元的资产和90亿美元的无担保负债。在他所有的相关业务中,他欠超过10万名债权人的债务高达500亿美元。

据CoinDesk称,班克曼-弗里德的交易公司Alameda Research似乎一直将客户资产和FTT代币作为抵押品来获取贷款,FTT代币允许FTX用户在交易所进行折扣交易。有人担心,FTX可能没有足够的资产来偿还债务,因为它被锁定在风险资本投资等非流动性头寸上。有传言称,Alameda Research是因为过度投资Terra加密货币代币而垮台的,该代币的价格在春季暴跌,此后一直通过巧妙的会计手段支撑着。

11月7日,班克曼-弗里德在推特(Twitter)上写道:“FTX运行良好。资产也没有问题。”他隐晦的公开声明似乎是为了安抚投资者。但事与愿违。

尽管班克曼-弗里德对自己的财务困难轻描淡写,但他仍然在与竞争对手币安(Binance)及其所有者赵长鹏展开激烈竞争。赵长鹏曾经是SBF的朋友和知己,被称为“加密货币之王”。两人之间的竞争似乎转为恶性竞争:例如,最近几个月,据报道,班克曼-弗里德对赵长鹏进行了一系列抨击,声称他因为法律问题而无法入境。

不幸的是,这惹恼了唯一一位可能有足够资金挽救FTX的人。对赵长鹏来说,他看到了FTX的弱点并加以利用:由于币安早期投资FTX,赵长鹏持有大量FTT代币。11月6日,赵长鹏宣布他将抛售币安持有的FTT代币,引发了更广泛的市场对该代币的抛售。FTT代币价格暴跌。

据报道,随着FTT代币的价格持续下跌,班克曼-弗里德低声下气地在华尔街和硅谷四处寻找融资,以维持公司运营。没有人愿意上钩。资产负债表是如此糟糕。

对于这位曾经在美国国会作证,解释如何清理加密货币,并向基金会提供慈善捐款以让世界更美好的人来说,这是一个巨大的落差。他是硅谷有效利他主义趋势的代表,这是一种增强版的功利主义。他在会议上发言,曾经与美国前总统比尔·克林顿和英国前首相托尼·布莱尔坐在一起。

托尼·布莱尔和比尔·克林顿在同一个舞台上(还有SBF)。这种情况这年头可不常见,是吧?pic.twitter.com/Vt5pn6egHn

——丹·基勒(@dankeeler),2022年4月28日

现在,一些人将班克曼-弗里德和他的交易所所处的困境归咎于他的有效利他主义心态。Facebook的联合创始人及Asana的首席执行官达斯廷·莫斯科维茨在推特上写道:“要么是有效利他主义助长了萨姆的不道德行为,要么就是有效利他主义为他的行为提供了合理化借口。这两种情况都很糟糕。”

加密货币投资公司Castle Island Ventures的创始人及普通合伙人尼克·卡特将SBF的麻烦归因于他是一个彻头彻尾的骗子。卡特在接受《财富》杂志电话采访时说:“他维持的表面形象都是为了欺骗债权人、投资者和政客。我认为,他的利他主义形象只是一种风度,一种将注意力从他所做的事情上转移开的方法:在海外经营一家不受监管的交易所,几乎不受任何监管或审查。”

垮台

在赵长鹏把矛头指向他的前朋友之后,FTX的失误迅速变成了一场灾难。11月8日,币安宣布将收购该交易所,并签署了一份意向书。起初,赵长鹏说他收购FTX是为了保护用户和更广泛的加密货币市场的信誉,包括他自己的交易所——这与几个月前SBF收购陷入困境的竞争对手时所用的论点相呼应。

在那之后,“情况迅速恶化。”卡特说。

赵长鹏冲出重围,拯救FTX的提议只持续不到29个小时(少9分钟)。11月9日,币安的官方账号在推特上表示,该公司对FTX进行了更深入的考察,并不满意它所看到的结果。该公司在推特上表示:“根据公司尽职调查的结果,以及有关客户资金处理不当和据称的美国机构调查的最新新闻报道,我们决定不再推进对FTX.com的潜在收购。这些问题超出了我们的控制范围,我们爱莫能助。”美联社(Associated Press)随后援引一位与币安有关的不具名消息人士的话说,FTX的账目是一个“黑洞”,FTX的资产和负债与Alameda Research的资产和负债交织在一起,无法分割。

这对FTX来说就是死亡之吻(表面看上去有益但实际上具有毁灭性的行为)。对于那些三个月前读过班克曼-弗里德对《财富》杂志发表的评论的人来说,币安在其推特系列相关帖子(包含四部分)中选择的措辞有一种幸灾乐祸的感觉:“过去几年里,我们看到加密货币生态系统正在变得越来越有弹性,我们相信,那些滥用用户资金的离群者迟早会被自由市场淘汰出局。”

这句话的意思确定无疑:这一次,班克曼-弗里德是被“淘汰”的那个人。

早在今年8月,班克曼-弗里德就强调了加密货币行业的信任赤字,并表示他希望在该行业重塑诚信。“当我在做一笔交易时,我不希望自己还要担心对方是否会试图用20种我没有料到的方式在背后捣鬼。”他说。“因为如果那是真的,那么交易就无从谈起了,对吧?”尽管如此,在这段传奇故事中,已经出现了很多信任错位。

班克曼-弗里德再次寻求投资者的帮助——这次是那些已经接触过该公司的投资者。据《华尔街日报》(Wall Street Journal)报道,他需要80亿美元来满足用户从比特币交易所提现的要求。由于人们开始担心加密货币将会崩盘,他们从比特币交易所的提现速度越来越快。投资者非但没有给他现金,反而跟随客户的脚步:红杉资本(Sequoia Capital)于几年前向FTX投资了2.14亿美元,在11月10日将其投资价值降至零。

很明显,事情败露了。甚至那些与班克曼-弗里德关系最密切的人也认为自己被背叛了。他的慈善基金的全体员工在11月10日辞职了。他们在集体告别信里称,他们说他们“对为FTX基金会(FTX Foundation)和未来基金(Future Fund)提供资金的商业运作的合法性和完整性存疑”。

FTX的垮台拖垮了一家SBF曾经吹嘘要拯救的公司:BlockFi最近暂停提款,原因是其需要面对一度被视为避难所的FTX带来的风险。FTX于11月11日上午申请破产,同时宣布班克曼-弗里德辞去首席执行官一职。他当天在推特上写道:“我想再次重申一遍,我真的很抱歉,我们最终走到了这一步。希望事情还有转机。”对他的员工,他更直言不讳:“我搞砸了。”班克曼-弗里德告诉他们。

事件余波,混乱不堪

如果说FTX的破产对那些投资该交易所的人来说还不够糟糕的话,更糟糕的事情还在后头。11月11日晚些时候,推特上流言四起,称FTX的运作令人起疑。区块链的记录显示,数以亿计的美元被从FTX交易所的钱包中转走,而转走这笔钱的并不是钱包的主人。一位观察人士说,这就像是打劫尸体一样。

与此同时,FTX的应用程序开始出现故障,推特上有人警告称,该应用程序已经被破坏。在FTX的官方Telegram聊天界面中,FTX集团的法律顾问莱恩·米勒在主页置顶了一条帖子,写道:“FTX遭到黑客攻击。FTX应用程序是恶意软件。删除它们。聊天室是开放的。不要打开FTX网站,因为这样做可能会下载木马程序。”

三小时后,米勒再次发推:被视为“异常”的情况,实际上是简单的流程,也是FTX和FTX.us根据美国《破产法》第十一章破产重整申请破产保护的一部分。他没有解释为什么黑客攻击的警告会被置顶在Telegram群组(目前已经删除)。显而易见的是这些丢失的钱至今下落不明。

即便是现在,在发生了这一切之后,一些人仍然称赞班克曼-弗里德是天才,并为他的意图辩护。OKX的拉菲克说,那些责备他的决定让FTX陷入困境的人忽视了他职业生涯的大部分轨迹。

“他所取得的成就绝非易事。”他说。“现在大多数人都在抨击他。但我个人不想忽略他对这个行业的贡献。他曾经在美国国会的听证会上为加密货币做辩护。他做了很多积极的事情。Alameda和FTX所发生的一切都是不幸的。”

这对一度蓬勃发展的加密货币世界无疑是不幸的,该领域苦苦挣扎,希望被视为一个可靠而有序的现金投资场所。比特币和以太坊(Ethereum)的价格触底,赵本人也称FTX的垮台对加密货币世界的冲击类似于2008年的金融危机。白宫新闻秘书卡琳·让-皮埃尔提到:FTX事件表明对加密货币进行监管是必要的。据报道,美国司法部(Department of Justice)和美国证券交易委员会(Securities and Exchange Commission)正在考虑对潜在的犯罪活动展开调查。巴哈马群岛当局于11月13日宣布,他们正在调查FTX;据报道,作为调查的一部分,班克曼-弗里德接受了警方的问话。

加密货币政策智库Coin Center的尼拉杰·K·阿格拉瓦尔认为,FTX的垮台会让人们更难对加密货币建立信任。但他认为,这应该被视为一个孤立事件,而不是该行业的系统性失败。

阿格拉瓦尔写给《财富》杂志:“重要的是要记住,发送和存储加密货币的中心化业务与去中心化加密货币网络本身完全是两回事。一家企业因为表现不佳而倒闭,并不意味着比特币的安全性不佳。”

与此同时,Castle Island Ventures的卡特表示,FTX的垮台是因祸得福,尽管这一事件本身是灾难性的:“这家伙在美国已经名誉扫地,他将不再主导美国加密货币相关监管政策对话。”

但班克曼-弗里德的陨落是他今年夏天所描述的那种合理的“淘汰”,还是更广泛意义上的解体的开始,目前还有待观察。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

直到上周,萨姆·班克曼-弗里德似乎注定要以英雄的身份载入加密货币史册——在他的帮助下,数字货币进入主流市场,他还带头发起了一场慈善运动,一些人还将这场慈善运动誉为该行业成熟和日益稳定的标志。

时年30岁的班克曼-弗里德在其财富巅峰时期的身价达到260亿美元,是FTX的创始人,该加密货币交易所迅速成为世界上最大的加密货币交易所之一。他塑造了一种新式巨头形象,是美国民主党的主要捐助者,也是2020年乔·拜登的最大捐助者之一。

在短短几天内,这一切都改变了。班克曼-弗里德名誉扫地。而关于他本人的神话的消亡肯定会拖累整个加密货币领域。(班克曼-弗里德没有回应就本文置评的请求。)

一些人,包括另一位传奇巨擘,现在声称他们了解班克曼-弗里德的底细。埃隆·马斯克于上周末在推特(Twitter)上谈到与班克曼-弗里德的偶遇时称:“我的骗子雷达亮起红灯了。这就像,这家伙就是在胡说八道——这就是我的印象。”

但这位以其名字首字母SBF为人熟知的创始人,无疑赢得了加密货币、金融、科技、政治和流行文化领域里的许多人的青睐。对于那些相信他的话的人来说,问题仍然存在:他是理想主义者,而且过度自信?狡猾,而且涉嫌欺诈?还是他只是一个被击败的冒险者?

无论如何,在不到一周的时间里,SBF的帝国发生了惊人的内爆,这不同寻常的故事比Netflix的惊悚片还要曲折。

萨姆·班克曼-弗里德具备“心理变态”的素质

班克曼-弗里德的父母都是斯坦福大学(Stanford University)的法学教授——母亲芭芭拉·弗里德专攻法律哲学,父亲约瑟夫·班克曼专攻税收。两人都认同功利主义哲学:人们的一切行为准则和关键决策都应该以最大多数人的最大幸福为目标。

SBF毕业于麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology),获得物理学学士学位,然后加入量化交易公司Jane Street Capital。怀着功利主义的理想,班克曼-弗里德从职业生涯开始就把一半的收入捐给了慈善事业。他说,他是一位素食主义者,因为他厌恶肉制品行业的残酷。

“大学毕业后,他开始在加密货币市场进行交易,并发现了一个套利机会,他和他的公司可以在一个市场购买比特币(Bitcoin),然后在另一个市场出售。”竞争对手OKX加密货币交易所的首席营销官海德尔·拉菲克告诉《财富》杂志。“这成了一门有利可图的生意。”

这家企业是Alameda Research,这是SBF于2017年仍然在Jane Street工作时成立的一个加密货币交易集团。这一风险项目催生了FTX,FTX是他在2019年成立的,当时他对现有加密货币交易所没有进行更多高风险、复杂交易感到失望。该公司的总部设在巴哈马群岛的拿索——像许多加密货币交易所一样是离岸公司,这有助于其逃避美国监管机构的审查。班克曼-弗里德聚集了一群来自Jane Street公司和麻省理工学院的朋友,他们一边经营着他的庞大帝国,一边以室友的身份住在巴哈马群岛的一套顶层公寓里,据说那里是各色约会的温床。

在2022年8月的一篇封面报道中,《财富》杂志强调了班克曼-弗里德是如何被加密货币行业的一些人誉为“下一个沃伦·巴菲特”的(同时警告称这一切可能“以灾难告终”)。同事们称赞他才智过人,能力卓群,能够基于风险计算,在头脑冷静的情况下做出重大决定。一位认识他的消息人士告诉《伦敦时报》(Times of London),SBF“心理变态”。“我不是说他有精神病。”他们补充道。“我觉得他就像一台电脑。”

凭借才智过人,SBF从投资者那里筹集了18亿美元的资金。与此同时,FTX在流行文化中的知名度不断提高,买下了迈阿密热火队(Miami Heat)主场的冠名权。(FTX Arena目前正在打算把冠名权出售给其他买家。)喜剧演员拉里·戴维在针对散户投资者的电视广告中为该公司做宣传。超模吉赛尔·邦辰加入公司,担任该公司的环境和社会倡议顾问。美国职业棒球大联盟(Major League Baseball)的裁判员和梅赛德斯(Mercedes)的一级方程式(Formula 1)赛车手精心规划,把FTX标识放在球衣和底盘的突出位置,帮助推广FTX。

FTX已经从一家混乱的小型加密货币交易所发展成为世界上最大的加密货币交易所之一。今年早些时候,由于通货膨胀和更广泛的经济动荡导致加密货币的价格暴跌,班克曼-弗里德把FTX说成是该行业的救世主,出手救助加密货币贷款机构BlockFi,并在另一家公司Voyager Digital破产后收购其资产。班克曼-弗里德当时表示,他这么做的原因是:必须有人来挽救加密货币的声誉。他告诉Decrypt:“我并不清楚是否还有其他人会站出来这么做。”

在接受《财富》杂志采访时,班克曼-弗里德预测,加密货币的寒冬正在逐渐消退,该行业将变得更加强大。“我们已经见证了最糟糕的情况。”他说,“还会有一些糟糕情况出现,但不会太过糟糕了。”他表示,加密货币市场的低迷导致加密货币价格从历史高点回落,这是对行业内表现不尽如人意的企业的“淘汰”,这一“淘汰”很有必要。他指出:“人们不得不重新思考如何对资产进行估值,而且要在方式方法上更接地气一点,并意识到我们将重塑该行业,让该行业更强大,而这一切都是很合理的。”

如今,班克曼-弗里德自己的企业正在经历塌方,这种乐观主义似乎不合时宜。

在48小时内垮台

随着班克曼-弗里德作为加密货币领域白衣骑士的声誉坍塌,一些人开始质疑他所建立的一切是否都是骗局。

这是因为这些数字并不相符。据《金融时报》(Financial Times)报道,在FTX破产时,其主要的国际交易所拥有9亿美元的资产和90亿美元的无担保负债。在他所有的相关业务中,他欠超过10万名债权人的债务高达500亿美元。

据CoinDesk称,班克曼-弗里德的交易公司Alameda Research似乎一直将客户资产和FTT代币作为抵押品来获取贷款,FTT代币允许FTX用户在交易所进行折扣交易。有人担心,FTX可能没有足够的资产来偿还债务,因为它被锁定在风险资本投资等非流动性头寸上。有传言称,Alameda Research是因为过度投资Terra加密货币代币而垮台的,该代币的价格在春季暴跌,此后一直通过巧妙的会计手段支撑着。

11月7日,班克曼-弗里德在推特(Twitter)上写道:“FTX运行良好。资产也没有问题。”他隐晦的公开声明似乎是为了安抚投资者。但事与愿违。

尽管班克曼-弗里德对自己的财务困难轻描淡写,但他仍然在与竞争对手币安(Binance)及其所有者赵长鹏展开激烈竞争。赵长鹏曾经是SBF的朋友和知己,被称为“加密货币之王”。两人之间的竞争似乎转为恶性竞争:例如,最近几个月,据报道,班克曼-弗里德对赵长鹏进行了一系列抨击,声称他因为法律问题而无法入境。

不幸的是,这惹恼了唯一一位可能有足够资金挽救FTX的人。对赵长鹏来说,他看到了FTX的弱点并加以利用:由于币安早期投资FTX,赵长鹏持有大量FTT代币。11月6日,赵长鹏宣布他将抛售币安持有的FTT代币,引发了更广泛的市场对该代币的抛售。FTT代币价格暴跌。

据报道,随着FTT代币的价格持续下跌,班克曼-弗里德低声下气地在华尔街和硅谷四处寻找融资,以维持公司运营。没有人愿意上钩。资产负债表是如此糟糕。

对于这位曾经在美国国会作证,解释如何清理加密货币,并向基金会提供慈善捐款以让世界更美好的人来说,这是一个巨大的落差。他是硅谷有效利他主义趋势的代表,这是一种增强版的功利主义。他在会议上发言,曾经与美国前总统比尔·克林顿和英国前首相托尼·布莱尔坐在一起。

托尼·布莱尔和比尔·克林顿在同一个舞台上(还有SBF)。这种情况这年头可不常见,是吧?pic.twitter.com/Vt5pn6egHn

——丹·基勒(@dankeeler),2022年4月28日

现在,一些人将班克曼-弗里德和他的交易所所处的困境归咎于他的有效利他主义心态。Facebook的联合创始人及Asana的首席执行官达斯廷·莫斯科维茨在推特上写道:“要么是有效利他主义助长了萨姆的不道德行为,要么就是有效利他主义为他的行为提供了合理化借口。这两种情况都很糟糕。”

加密货币投资公司Castle Island Ventures的创始人及普通合伙人尼克·卡特将SBF的麻烦归因于他是一个彻头彻尾的骗子。卡特在接受《财富》杂志电话采访时说:“他维持的表面形象都是为了欺骗债权人、投资者和政客。我认为,他的利他主义形象只是一种风度,一种将注意力从他所做的事情上转移开的方法:在海外经营一家不受监管的交易所,几乎不受任何监管或审查。”

垮台

在赵长鹏把矛头指向他的前朋友之后,FTX的失误迅速变成了一场灾难。11月8日,币安宣布将收购该交易所,并签署了一份意向书。起初,赵长鹏说他收购FTX是为了保护用户和更广泛的加密货币市场的信誉,包括他自己的交易所——这与几个月前SBF收购陷入困境的竞争对手时所用的论点相呼应。

在那之后,“情况迅速恶化。”卡特说。

赵长鹏冲出重围,拯救FTX的提议只持续不到29个小时(少9分钟)。11月9日,币安的官方账号在推特上表示,该公司对FTX进行了更深入的考察,并不满意它所看到的结果。该公司在推特上表示:“根据公司尽职调查的结果,以及有关客户资金处理不当和据称的美国机构调查的最新新闻报道,我们决定不再推进对FTX.com的潜在收购。这些问题超出了我们的控制范围,我们爱莫能助。”美联社(Associated Press)随后援引一位与币安有关的不具名消息人士的话说,FTX的账目是一个“黑洞”,FTX的资产和负债与Alameda Research的资产和负债交织在一起,无法分割。

这对FTX来说就是死亡之吻(表面看上去有益但实际上具有毁灭性的行为)。对于那些三个月前读过班克曼-弗里德对《财富》杂志发表的评论的人来说,币安在其推特系列相关帖子(包含四部分)中选择的措辞有一种幸灾乐祸的感觉:“过去几年里,我们看到加密货币生态系统正在变得越来越有弹性,我们相信,那些滥用用户资金的离群者迟早会被自由市场淘汰出局。”

这句话的意思确定无疑:这一次,班克曼-弗里德是被“淘汰”的那个人。

早在今年8月,班克曼-弗里德就强调了加密货币行业的信任赤字,并表示他希望在该行业重塑诚信。“当我在做一笔交易时,我不希望自己还要担心对方是否会试图用20种我没有料到的方式在背后捣鬼。”他说。“因为如果那是真的,那么交易就无从谈起了,对吧?”尽管如此,在这段传奇故事中,已经出现了很多信任错位。

班克曼-弗里德再次寻求投资者的帮助——这次是那些已经接触过该公司的投资者。据《华尔街日报》(Wall Street Journal)报道,他需要80亿美元来满足用户从比特币交易所提现的要求。由于人们开始担心加密货币将会崩盘,他们从比特币交易所的提现速度越来越快。投资者非但没有给他现金,反而跟随客户的脚步:红杉资本(Sequoia Capital)于几年前向FTX投资了2.14亿美元,在11月10日将其投资价值降至零。

很明显,事情败露了。甚至那些与班克曼-弗里德关系最密切的人也认为自己被背叛了。他的慈善基金的全体员工在11月10日辞职了。他们在集体告别信里称,他们说他们“对为FTX基金会(FTX Foundation)和未来基金(Future Fund)提供资金的商业运作的合法性和完整性存疑”。

FTX的垮台拖垮了一家SBF曾经吹嘘要拯救的公司:BlockFi最近暂停提款,原因是其需要面对一度被视为避难所的FTX带来的风险。FTX于11月11日上午申请破产,同时宣布班克曼-弗里德辞去首席执行官一职。他当天在推特上写道:“我想再次重申一遍,我真的很抱歉,我们最终走到了这一步。希望事情还有转机。”对他的员工,他更直言不讳:“我搞砸了。”班克曼-弗里德告诉他们。

事件余波,混乱不堪

如果说FTX的破产对那些投资该交易所的人来说还不够糟糕的话,更糟糕的事情还在后头。11月11日晚些时候,推特上流言四起,称FTX的运作令人起疑。区块链的记录显示,数以亿计的美元被从FTX交易所的钱包中转走,而转走这笔钱的并不是钱包的主人。一位观察人士说,这就像是打劫尸体一样。

与此同时,FTX的应用程序开始出现故障,推特上有人警告称,该应用程序已经被破坏。在FTX的官方Telegram聊天界面中,FTX集团的法律顾问莱恩·米勒在主页置顶了一条帖子,写道:“FTX遭到黑客攻击。FTX应用程序是恶意软件。删除它们。聊天室是开放的。不要打开FTX网站,因为这样做可能会下载木马程序。”

三小时后,米勒再次发推:被视为“异常”的情况,实际上是简单的流程,也是FTX和FTX.us根据美国《破产法》第十一章破产重整申请破产保护的一部分。他没有解释为什么黑客攻击的警告会被置顶在Telegram群组(目前已经删除)。显而易见的是这些丢失的钱至今下落不明。

即便是现在,在发生了这一切之后,一些人仍然称赞班克曼-弗里德是天才,并为他的意图辩护。OKX的拉菲克说,那些责备他的决定让FTX陷入困境的人忽视了他职业生涯的大部分轨迹。

“他所取得的成就绝非易事。”他说。“现在大多数人都在抨击他。但我个人不想忽略他对这个行业的贡献。他曾经在美国国会的听证会上为加密货币做辩护。他做了很多积极的事情。Alameda和FTX所发生的一切都是不幸的。”

这对一度蓬勃发展的加密货币世界无疑是不幸的,该领域苦苦挣扎,希望被视为一个可靠而有序的现金投资场所。比特币和以太坊(Ethereum)的价格触底,赵本人也称FTX的垮台对加密货币世界的冲击类似于2008年的金融危机。白宫新闻秘书卡琳·让-皮埃尔提到:FTX事件表明对加密货币进行监管是必要的。据报道,美国司法部(Department of Justice)和美国证券交易委员会(Securities and Exchange Commission)正在考虑对潜在的犯罪活动展开调查。巴哈马群岛当局于11月13日宣布,他们正在调查FTX;据报道,作为调查的一部分,班克曼-弗里德接受了警方的问话。

加密货币政策智库Coin Center的尼拉杰·K·阿格拉瓦尔认为,FTX的垮台会让人们更难对加密货币建立信任。但他认为,这应该被视为一个孤立事件,而不是该行业的系统性失败。

阿格拉瓦尔写给《财富》杂志:“重要的是要记住,发送和存储加密货币的中心化业务与去中心化加密货币网络本身完全是两回事。一家企业因为表现不佳而倒闭,并不意味着比特币的安全性不佳。”

与此同时,Castle Island Ventures的卡特表示,FTX的垮台是因祸得福,尽管这一事件本身是灾难性的:“这家伙在美国已经名誉扫地,他将不再主导美国加密货币相关监管政策对话。”

但班克曼-弗里德的陨落是他今年夏天所描述的那种合理的“淘汰”,还是更广泛意义上的解体的开始,目前还有待观察。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

Up until last week, Sam Bankman-Fried looked destined to go down in crypto history as a hero—for helping bring digital currency into the mainstream, and for spearheading a philanthropic movement some heralded as a sign of the sector’s maturity and growing stability.

The 30-year-old Bankman-Fried, who at the peak of his fortune was worth $26 billion, was the founder of FTX, a crypto exchange that had quickly become one of the world’s biggest. He had cultivated an image as a kind of new-style magnate, a major donor to the Democratic party in the U.S., and among Joe Biden’s largest donors in 2020.

In a matter of days all that has changed. The reputation Bankman-Fried built up has crumbled. And the destruction of his mythology will almost certainly bring down the standing of the broader crypto world. (Bankman-Fried did not respond to a request to comment for this story.)

Some, including another larger-than-life titan, are now claiming that they always had Bankman-Fried’s number. “My bullshit meter was redlining,” Elon Musk said of an encounter with Bankman-Fried, in a Twitter space last weekend. “It was like, this dude is bullshit—that was my impression.”

But the founder widely known by his initials, SBF, certainly won over many in the crypto, finance, tech, politics, and pop-culture worlds. For those who took him at his word, the questions remain: Was he idealistic and overconfident? Slick and fraudulent? Or was he just a risk-taker who got outplayed?

In any case, the spectacular implosion of SBF’s empire in less than a week is an extraordinary tale with more twists than a Netflix thriller.

The makings of Sam Bankman Fried’s “abnormal psychology”

Bankman-Fried’s parents are both Stanford University law professors—Barbara Fried, whose focus is legal philosophy, and Joseph Bankman, whose focus is tax. The two subscribe to the philosophy of utilitarianism: Life should be lived, and key decisions made, with the goal of maximizing happiness for as many people as possible.

SBF graduated with a bachelor’s in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then joined the quantitative trading firm Jane Street Capital. Following an ideal from utilitarianism, Bankman-Fried donated half his earnings to charity from the beginning of his career. He’s a vegan, he has said, because he’s repulsed by the cruelty of the meat industry.

“After leaving college, he started to trade in crypto markets and found an arbitrage opportunity where he and his firm could buy bitcoin in one market and sell in another,” Haider Rafique, chief marketing officer of OKX, a competing crypto exchange, tells Fortune. “That became a profitable business.”

The business was Alameda Research, a crypto trading group SBF established in 2017 while still at Jane Street. That venture spawned FTX, a company he set up in 2019 out of frustration that existing crypto exchanges didn’t do more high-risk, complex trades. The company is based in Nassau in the Bahamas—offshore like many crypto exchanges, which helped it escape the scrutiny of American regulatory agencies. Bankman-Fried gathered a group of friends from Jane Street and MIT, and they ran his sprawling empire while living as roommates in a Bahamian penthouse that has been described as a hotbed of intermingled dating.

In an August 2022 cover story, Fortune highlighted how Bankman-Fried had been hailed as “the next Warren Buffett” by some within the crypto industry (while cautioning that it might all “end in disaster”). Associates praised him for his intellect, and his ability to dispassionately make big decisions based on calculations of risk. One source who knows him told the Times of London that SBF has “an abnormal psychology.” “I don’t think he’s a psychopath,” they added. “I think he’s a computer.”

That intellect helped SBF raise $1.8 billion in funding from investors. Meanwhile, FTX grew its profile in popular culture, buying the naming rights to the Miami Heat’s home arena. (FTX Arena is now looking for another name rights buyer.) Comedian Larry David acted as the hype man for the company in TV ads targeting retail investors. The supermodel Gisele Bündchen came onboard as an advisor to the company on environmental and social initiatives. Umpires in Major League Baseball and Formula 1 racers for Mercedes helped promote the FTX name through carefully positioned logos on shirts and chassis.

FTX had grown from a small, scrappy crypto exchange to one of the world’s biggest. And earlier this year, as inflation and broader economic volatility sent cryptocurrency prices plunging, Bankman-Fried framed FTX as the savior of the sector, wading in to bail out BlockFi, a crypto lender, and buying the assets of Voyager Digital, another, after it went bankrupt. The reason, Bankman-Fried said at the time: Someone had to save the reputation of crypto. “It doesn’t seem clear to me that there are others who are stepping up and doing that,” he told Decrypt.

In that Fortune interview, Bankman-Fried predicted that the Crypto Winter was winding down and that the sector would emerge stronger. “We’ve already seen the worst of it,” he said: “There’s a little more to come, but it’s not very bad.” He suggested that the downturn in crypto markets that saw prices retreat from all-time highs had been a necessary “weeding out” of bad players in the industry. “It’s been healthy that people have had to rethink how to value assets and had to be a little more grounded—and to realize that we’ll build back a stronger industry,” he said.

Now that Bankman-Fried’s own venture is imploding, that optimism looks misplaced.

The 48-hour downfall

As Bankman-Fried’s reputation as crypto’s white knight has collapsed, some are asking whether everything he built was a sham.

That’s because the numbers don’t stack up. At the time of its collapse, FTX’s main international exchange had $900 million in assets—and $9 billion in unbacked liabilities, according to the Financial Times. Across all his associated businesses, up to $50 billion in liabilities was owed to more than 100,000 creditors.

Alameda Research, Bankman-Fried’s trading firm, appears to have been using customer assets, as well as the FTT token that allows FTX users to trade on the exchange at a discount, as collateral to take on loans, according to CoinDesk. There were concerns that FTX might not have the assets to cover the liabilities because it was locked up in illiquid positions such as venture capital investments. Rumors are swirling that Alameda Research was brought down by its overexposure to the Terra crypto token, the price of which tanked in the spring and has been propped up since through clever accounting.

On Nov. 7, Bankman-Fried tweeted: “FTX is fine. Assets are fine.” His cryptic public statements appeared designed to reassure investors. They didn’t.

Even as Bankman-Fried downplayed his financial difficulties, he was engaged in a cutthroat competition with rival exchange Binance and its owner, Changpeng “CZ” Zhao. Once a friend and confidante of SBF, Zhao has been called the “king of crypto.” The competition between the two seems to have turned rather toxic: In recent months, for example, Bankman-Fried reportedly took some potshots at Zhao, alleging that he couldn’t enter the United States because of legal troubles.

This had the unfortunate effect of annoying the one man who may have had enough capital to save FTX from crashing. For his part, Zhao saw a weakness and took advantage of it: Thanks to Binance’s early investment in FTX, Zhao held large holdings of FTT tokens. On Nov. 6, Zhao declared he would dump Binance’s holdings of FTT tokens, causing flight from the token in the wider market. The price plummeted.

Bankman-Fried reportedly went cap in hand around Wall Street and Silicon Valley looking for financing to keep his company afloat as the price of FTT tokens continued to drop. No one would bite. The balance sheet was that bad.

It was a huge fall from grace for the man who had acted as the better angel of the industry, testifying to Congress about how to clean up crypto and offering philanthropic donations to foundations to better the world. He was the face of the Silicon Valley trend of effective altruism, a kind of utilitarianism on steroids. He spoke at conferences, once sitting alongside former President Bill Clinton and former U.K. prime minister Tony Blair.

Tony Blair and Bill Clinton on the same stage (and SBF.) You don’t see that very often these days, eh? pic.twitter.com/Vt5pn6egHn

— Dan Keeler (@dankeeler) April 28, 2022

Now, some are blaming Bankman-Fried’s effective altruism mindset for the predicament he and his exchange find themselves in. “Either EA encouraged Sam’s unethical behavior, or provided a convenient rationalization for such actions,” tweeted Dustin Moskovitz, a cofounder of Facebook and CEO of Asana. “Either is bad.”

Nic Carter, founder and general partner at crypto investment firm Castle Island Ventures, attributes SBF’s troubles to a fundamental insincerity. “His whole persona and façade is to dupe creditors, investors, and politicians,” said Carter, speaking on the phone to Fortune. “I think his whole altruistic persona was a demeanor, a way to redirect attention away from what he was doing: running an unregulated exchange offshore, with very little oversight or scrutiny.”

The collapse

After Zhao turned on his former friend, FTX’s stumble rapidly became a debacle. On Nov. 8, Binance declared it would buy the exchange, signing a letter of intent. At first Zhao said he was buying FTX to protect users and the credibility of the broader crypto market, including his own exchange—echoing the arguments that SBF had used when buying up distressed rivals just a few months earlier.

After that, “things deteriorated very quickly,” says Carter.

Zhao’s offer to sweep in and save FTX lasted nine minutes short of 29 hours. On Nov. 9, the official Binance account tweeted that the company had taken a deeper look at FTX, and didn’t like what it saw. “As a result of corporate due diligence, as well as the latest news reports regarding mishandled customer funds and alleged US agency investigations, we have decided that we will not pursue the potential acquisition of FTX.com,” the company tweeted. “The issues are beyond our control or ability to help.” The Associated Press later quoted an unnamed source linked to Binance saying that FTX’s books were a “black hole” where the assets and liabilities of FTX and the assets and liabilities of Alameda Research were intermingled and impossible to disentangle.

It was the kiss of death for FTX. For those who had read Bankman-Fried’s comments to Fortune just three months earlier, there was a sense of schadenfreude in the wording chosen by Binance as part of its four-part Twitter thread: “We have seen over the last several years that the crypto ecosystem is becoming more resilient and we believe in time that outliers that misuse user funds will be weeded out by the free market,” they wrote.

The reference was unmistakable: This time, Bankman-Fried is the one being “weeded out.”

Back in August, Bankman-Fried highlighted the trust deficit in the crypto industry, and said he hoped to instill honesty in the sector. “I don’t want to have to worry when I’m doing a deal about whether the other side is going to try and fuck me in 20 ways I’m not anticipating,” he said. “Because if that’s true, just doing the deal becomes fucking impossible, right?” Be that as it may, there has been plenty of misplaced trust in this saga.

Bankman-Fried tried investors again—this time those already exposed to the company. He needed $8 billion, the Wall Street Journal reported, to cover requests from users to withdraw their cash from the exchange, which was happening at an ever-quickening rate as people began to worry that the whole thing was going to collapse. Far from giving him that cash, the investors followed in the footsteps of the customers: Sequoia Capital, which had invested $214 million in FTX just a few years earlier, downgraded the value of its investment to zero on November 10.

It was clear the jig was up. Even those closest to Bankman-Fried expressed a sense of betrayal: The entire staff of his philanthropic fund resigned on Nov. 10. In their parting letter as a group, they said they “have fundamental questions about the legitimacy and integrity of the business operations that were funding the FTX Foundation and the Future Fund.”

FTX’s crash took down one company that SBF had touted saving: BlockFi has recently suspended withdrawals due to its exposure to the exchange that had once been a refuge. FTX itself filed for bankruptcy on the morning of Nov. 11, simultaneously announcing Bankman-Fried had resigned as CEO. “I’m really sorry, again, that we ended up here,” he tweeted that day. “Hopefully things can find a way to recover.” To his staff, he was more blunt: “I fucked up,” Bankman-Fried told them.

The messy aftermath

If the bankruptcy of FTX wasn’t bad enough for those who had invested in the exchange, worse was to come. Late on Nov. 11, rumors began to spread through crypto Twitter that something suspicious was happening with FTX. Blockchain records showed that hundreds of millions of dollars were being yanked from wallets held on the FTX exchange—and not by their owners. It was, one observer said, like looting a corpse.

At the same time, FTX’s app started malfunctioning, with warnings shared on Twitter that the app had been compromised. In FTX’s official Telegram chat, Ryne Miller, FTX’s group counsel, pinned a post to the top of the page reading: “FTX has been hacked. FTX apps are malware. Delete them. Chat is open. Don’t go on FTX site as it might download Trojans.”

Three hours later, Miller tweeted once more: What had been seen as “abnormalities” were, in fact, simple procedure, and part of the Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings that FTX and FTX.us were going through. He didn’t explain why the warning of a hack had been pinned to the (now deleted) Telegram group. The apparently missing money hasn’t been accounted for.

Even now, after all that has happened, some still praise Bankman-Fried as a genius, and defend his intentions. Those chastising him for the decisions that tanked FTX overlook large parts of his career, said OKX’s Rafique.

“It’s no small feat what he accomplished,” he said. “Most people are bashing him right now. But I personally don’t want to forget the contributions he’s had in the industry. He’s had a congressional hearing to advocate for crypto. He’s done a lot of positive stuff. It’s really unfortunate what’s happening—both with Alameda and FTX.”

It’s certainly unfortunate for the once booming world of crypto, which still struggles to be seen as a reliable, orderly place to invest cash. Bitcoin and Ethereum prices are hitting the floor, and Zhao himself has called the collapse of FTX a shock for the crypto world akin to the 2008 financial crisis. White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre mentioned FTX as an example of why crypto regulation is needed. The Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission is reportedly considering a probe into potential criminal activity. Bahamian authorities announced on Nov. 13 that they were looking into FTX; Bankman-Fried was reportedly interviewed by police as part of that investigation.

The downfall of FTX hinders attempts to build trust in crypto, reckons Neeraj K. Agrawal of Coin Center, a cryptocurrency policy think tank. But it should be seen as an isolated incident, he argues, not as a systemic failure of the industry.

“It’s important to remember that a centralized business that sends and stores cryptocurrency is an entirely different thing than the decentralized cryptocurrency networks themselves,” Agrawal wrote to Fortune. “A business behaving badly and failing does not say anything about the security of something like bitcoin.”

Castle Island Ventures’ Carter, meanwhile, says FTX’s collapse is a blessing in disguise, as catastrophic as it has been: “This guy’s been discredited in D.C. and he no longer will be dictating the policy conversation around crypto regulation in Washington.”

But it remains to be seen whether Bankman-Fried’s demise is a healthy “weeding out” of the type he described this summer—or the beginning of a broader unraveling.

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