立即打开
中美洲正在成为加密货币的乐园,但当地人并不高兴

中美洲正在成为加密货币的乐园,但当地人并不高兴

Amiah Taylor 2022-04-26
加密货币百万富翁正在中美洲建立自己的免税天堂。

随着民众呼吁美国总统乔·拜登加大向富人的征税力度,加密货币百万富翁正在中美洲建立自己的免税天堂。

在拉丁美洲创建由加密货币支持的小型乌托邦的吸引力在于可以免于税收和监管。走在这一运动最前沿的企业是自由私人城市基金会(Free Private Cities Foundation),该公司倡导的理念是“自愿的、以契约为基础的社会”,并支持全球私人城市发展。它们的口号是“治理的未来是私有的”。

据《麻省理工学院科技评论》(MIT Tech Review)报道,由泰特斯·格贝尔博士创立的自由私人城市基金会鼓励萨尔瓦多政府将其即将建立的比特币城(Bitcoin City)交到企业手中,并允许由私营部门治理。

萨尔瓦多计划在火山底部建立一座由地热驱动的比特币城,这只是该国向世界各个国家推销的免税经济特区的冰山一角。

向萨尔瓦多以外的地区扩张

在巴西,格贝尔的公司也提出了建立由公司监管的私有化城市的想法,该公司希望创建多个国际“繁荣区”。此外,自由私人城市基金会已经将目光投向洪都拉斯。

据Peace Brigades International Honduras称,在洪都拉斯于2013年修订宪法允许公司治理特区后,洪都拉斯有三个主要的经济发展和就业区(Zones of Economic Development and Employment,以下简称ZEDE),它们分别称为Ciudad Morazán、Orquídea和Próspera。引用网站Nacla.org的话说,ZEDE是由公司独立治理的经济区,通常被称为“自由私人城市”。

Web3行业的法律咨询公司ByteBao的创始人及首席执行官贾米利亚·格里尔对ZEDE将如何作为私人城市运作持合理怀疑态度。

他在接受《财富》杂志采访时说:“就建设城市而言,这有点像政治、经济和真正的物理基础设施之间的完美风暴。问题是:如何实现这些方面的治理?”

那么,ZEDE由私人治理的话意味着什么?

私人治理就是这个意思。根据美国国家律师协会(National Lawyers Guild)代表团对洪都拉斯 ZEDE 的调查报告,私有化城邦“独立于洪都拉斯国家的法律、行政和社会体系”。

据Federal News Network报道,这意味着ZEDE无需缴纳进出口税,能够自由建立自己的政府、学校、法院和社会保障体系。由于完全缺乏监管,一些批评者担心ZEDE可能成为犯罪活动的私人避风港。

格里尔质疑道:“如果你要在一个国家建立这样一座城市,那么你与该国达成的该特定区域无需纳税的协议是什么?主权国家必须放弃权利,才可以建立它们所提议的这种免税特区。”

ZEDE如何造福当地人?

即使ZEDE将政治主权拱手让给外国公司,但是从自由私人城市基金会的角度来看,它们也是在“世界上最暴力的国家之一”创造安全避难所。根据Statista的数据,2021年,洪都拉斯的凶杀案仅次于萨尔瓦多,而且该国也是世界上妇女谋杀率最高的国家。

自由私人城市基金会于今年3月15日宣布它们正在开发私人城市Morazán,其网站将Morazán描述为“蓝领ZEDE”,居民在Morazán能够避免困扰洪都拉斯人日常生活的结构性问题,例如“过度暴力”。此外,Morazán将有可以容纳9000名居民的住宅区、商业空间、学校、公园和“工业区”。

根据3月的声明,“Morazán是一个旨在鼓励创业的社区;第一批商业租户已经入驻。租户选择签订自愿合同,合同明确规定了他们的权利和责任,这样他们就能够确保规则不会改变。”

为了换取在更安全的社区生活的机会,ZEDE公民与私营公司签订合同,在理想情况下,他们有一个安全避难所,可以远离高犯罪率。

当地人可能会迁移

虽然ZEDE创立者兜售能够提高当地人生活水平的想法,但其好处可能被高估了。尽管ZEDE被推销为洪都拉斯的就业来源——该国超过60%的人生活在贫困中——但当在洪都拉斯的罗阿坦岛建造该国三个主要ZEDE之一Próspera时,大部分建筑工作被外包,而不是提供给当地的洪都拉斯人。

引用经济学家卡洛斯·乌尔比佐·索利斯的话说,ZEDE的税收优惠非但不会给当地带来繁荣,反而会扩大洪都拉斯本已严重的收入不平等,这只会让少数人受益。

由于政府接受外国投资来创建ZEDE,当地人只能眼睁睁地看着公司侵占他们的土地。批评人士指出,为ZEDE建设而规划的区域是加里富纳地区的祖传土地,该地区的原住民已经在这片土地上生活了数千年之久。因此,ZEDE建设将导致当地居民的大规模迁移。

许多洪都拉斯公民反对ZEDE的存在,他们的理由是由此导致的出售私人土地以及贫困率上升等问题。由于ZEDE是独立的司法管辖区,有自己的法律,因此,它们在刑事司法系统中拥有完全的自主权。

Crypto Cannabis Club的首席执行官瑞恩·亨特告诉《财富》杂志:“我们看到的是一个技术创新快速发展的新时代。其中一些创新是可持续的,而其他一些创新却是失败的,但这些失败的创新将会提供有价值的见解,从而促进进一步增长。我认为我们现在说加密货币城市还为时过早,但我确实喜欢这一运动所代表的创业精神和创新。”(财富中文网)

译者:ZHY

随着民众呼吁美国总统乔·拜登加大向富人的征税力度,加密货币百万富翁正在中美洲建立自己的免税天堂。

在拉丁美洲创建由加密货币支持的小型乌托邦的吸引力在于可以免于税收和监管。走在这一运动最前沿的企业是自由私人城市基金会(Free Private Cities Foundation),该公司倡导的理念是“自愿的、以契约为基础的社会”,并支持全球私人城市发展。它们的口号是“治理的未来是私有的”。

据《麻省理工学院科技评论》(MIT Tech Review)报道,由泰特斯·格贝尔博士创立的自由私人城市基金会鼓励萨尔瓦多政府将其即将建立的比特币城(Bitcoin City)交到企业手中,并允许由私营部门治理。

萨尔瓦多计划在火山底部建立一座由地热驱动的比特币城,这只是该国向世界各个国家推销的免税经济特区的冰山一角。

向萨尔瓦多以外的地区扩张

在巴西,格贝尔的公司也提出了建立由公司监管的私有化城市的想法,该公司希望创建多个国际“繁荣区”。此外,自由私人城市基金会已经将目光投向洪都拉斯。

据Peace Brigades International Honduras称,在洪都拉斯于2013年修订宪法允许公司治理特区后,洪都拉斯有三个主要的经济发展和就业区(Zones of Economic Development and Employment,以下简称ZEDE),它们分别称为Ciudad Morazán、Orquídea和Próspera。引用网站Nacla.org的话说,ZEDE是由公司独立治理的经济区,通常被称为“自由私人城市”。

Web3行业的法律咨询公司ByteBao的创始人及首席执行官贾米利亚·格里尔对ZEDE将如何作为私人城市运作持合理怀疑态度。

他在接受《财富》杂志采访时说:“就建设城市而言,这有点像政治、经济和真正的物理基础设施之间的完美风暴。问题是:如何实现这些方面的治理?”

那么,ZEDE由私人治理的话意味着什么?

私人治理就是这个意思。根据美国国家律师协会(National Lawyers Guild)代表团对洪都拉斯 ZEDE 的调查报告,私有化城邦“独立于洪都拉斯国家的法律、行政和社会体系”。

据Federal News Network报道,这意味着ZEDE无需缴纳进出口税,能够自由建立自己的政府、学校、法院和社会保障体系。由于完全缺乏监管,一些批评者担心ZEDE可能成为犯罪活动的私人避风港。

格里尔质疑道:“如果你要在一个国家建立这样一座城市,那么你与该国达成的该特定区域无需纳税的协议是什么?主权国家必须放弃权利,才可以建立它们所提议的这种免税特区。”

ZEDE如何造福当地人?

即使ZEDE将政治主权拱手让给外国公司,但是从自由私人城市基金会的角度来看,它们也是在“世界上最暴力的国家之一”创造安全避难所。根据Statista的数据,2021年,洪都拉斯的凶杀案仅次于萨尔瓦多,而且该国也是世界上妇女谋杀率最高的国家。

自由私人城市基金会于今年3月15日宣布它们正在开发私人城市Morazán,其网站将Morazán描述为“蓝领ZEDE”,居民在Morazán能够避免困扰洪都拉斯人日常生活的结构性问题,例如“过度暴力”。此外,Morazán将有可以容纳9000名居民的住宅区、商业空间、学校、公园和“工业区”。

根据3月的声明,“Morazán是一个旨在鼓励创业的社区;第一批商业租户已经入驻。租户选择签订自愿合同,合同明确规定了他们的权利和责任,这样他们就能够确保规则不会改变。”

为了换取在更安全的社区生活的机会,ZEDE公民与私营公司签订合同,在理想情况下,他们有一个安全避难所,可以远离高犯罪率。

当地人可能会迁移

虽然ZEDE创立者兜售能够提高当地人生活水平的想法,但其好处可能被高估了。尽管ZEDE被推销为洪都拉斯的就业来源——该国超过60%的人生活在贫困中——但当在洪都拉斯的罗阿坦岛建造该国三个主要ZEDE之一Próspera时,大部分建筑工作被外包,而不是提供给当地的洪都拉斯人。

引用经济学家卡洛斯·乌尔比佐·索利斯的话说,ZEDE的税收优惠非但不会给当地带来繁荣,反而会扩大洪都拉斯本已严重的收入不平等,这只会让少数人受益。

由于政府接受外国投资来创建ZEDE,当地人只能眼睁睁地看着公司侵占他们的土地。批评人士指出,为ZEDE建设而规划的区域是加里富纳地区的祖传土地,该地区的原住民已经在这片土地上生活了数千年之久。因此,ZEDE建设将导致当地居民的大规模迁移。

许多洪都拉斯公民反对ZEDE的存在,他们的理由是由此导致的出售私人土地以及贫困率上升等问题。由于ZEDE是独立的司法管辖区,有自己的法律,因此,它们在刑事司法系统中拥有完全的自主权。

Crypto Cannabis Club的首席执行官瑞恩·亨特告诉《财富》杂志:“我们看到的是一个技术创新快速发展的新时代。其中一些创新是可持续的,而其他一些创新却是失败的,但这些失败的创新将会提供有价值的见解,从而促进进一步增长。我认为我们现在说加密货币城市还为时过早,但我确实喜欢这一运动所代表的创业精神和创新。”(财富中文网)

译者:ZHY

As the nation calls for President Joe Biden to ramp up taxes on the wealthy, crypto millionaires are creating their own tax-free havens in Central America.

The draw of creating small crypto-backed utopias in Latin America is the freedom from both taxes and regulations. At the forefront of this movement is the Free Private Cities Foundation, a company that promotes the idea of “voluntary, contract based societies,” and supports the development of private cities all over the globe. Their slogan is “the future of governance is private.”

Founded by Dr. Titus Gebel, the Free Private Cities Foundation has encouraged the Salvadoran government to place its impending Bitcoin City in corporate hands, allowing the city to be governed by the private sector, as reported by MIT Tech Review.

El Salvador’s plan for a geothermally powered Bitcoin city at the base of a volcano is just the tip of the iceberg for special tax-free economic zones that are being pitched to various countries abroad.

Expanding outside El Salvador

In Brazil, the idea of privatized cities that would be overseen by corporations is also being floated around by Gebel’s company, which hopes to create multiple international “prosperity zones.” In addition, the Free Private Cities Foundation has set its sights on Honduras.

Following an amendment to their constitution in 2013 that allowed special zones managed by companies, Honduras has three main ZEDEs—Zones of Economic Development and Employment—called Ciudad Morazán, Orquídea and Próspera, according to the Peace Brigades International Honduras. ZEDEs are economic zones that are independently governed by corporations and are commonly referred to as “free private cities,” citing Nacla.org.

Jamilia Grier, founder and CEO of ByteBao, a legal consulting firm in the Web3 industry, has a healthy level of skepticism on how the ZEDEs would function as private cities.

“This is sort of like the perfect storm between political, economic, and really just your physical infrastructure as far as building a city. The question is: how are those governed?” Grier said in an interview with Fortune.

So what does it mean for a ZEDE to be privately governed?

Private governance means just that. The privatized city-states “exist independently from the legal, administrative and social systems of the Honduran state,” according to a report from the National Lawyers Guild (NLG) Delegation Investigation of ZEDEs in Honduras.

This means that the ZEDEs don’t have to pay import or export taxes and are free to set up their own forms of governments, schools, courts, and social security systems, as reported by the Federal News Network. With such a complete lack of regulation, some critics fear that ZEDEs could become private havens for criminal activity.

“If you were to create one of these cities within a country, what is the agreement that you have with the country that this particular area is not subject to tax?” Grier questioned. “There would have to be a relinquishing of rights from the sovereign nation to be able to create this particular tax-free zone that they're proposing.”

How do ZEDEs benefit local people?

Even if ZEDEs surrender political sovereignty to foreign corporations, from the perspective of the Free Private Cities Foundation, they are creating safe havens in “one of the most violent countries in the world.” Last year, Honduras was second only to El Salvador in homicides, according to Statista and the country also has the highest femicide rate in the world.

The Free Private Cities Foundation announced on March 15 the ongoing development of their private city, Morazán, which the website described as a “blue collar ZEDE,” where residents can avoid the structural issues that plague Hondurans in everyday life such as “exorbitant violence.” Additionally, Morazán will have housing zones that can house 9,000 residents, commercial spaces, schools, parks and “an industrial zone.”

“Morazán is a community designed to encourage entrepreneurship; the first commercial tenants have already arrived,” according to the March statement. “The tenants choose to enter voluntary contracts that spell out their rights and responsibilities so they can be sure the rules won’t be changed on them.”

In exchange for living in safer communities, citizens of ZEDEs enter into contracts with the private corporations and ideally speaking, have a secure refuge from high crime rates.

Possible displacement of locals

While the creators of ZEDEs tout ideas about higher standards of living for the locals, the benefits may be overestimated. Despite ZEDEs being marketed as sources of employment in Honduras—where over 60% of the country lives in poverty—when one of the country’s three main ZEDEs, Próspera, was built on Honduran island of Roatán, the majority of those construction jobs were outsourced rather than being offered to the native Hondurans.

Far from bringing prosperity to the local citizens, the ZEDEs’ tax benefits will widen Honduras’ already stark income inequality and benefit only a select few, citing economist Carlos Urbizo Solis.

As the government accepts foreign investments for the creation of ZEDEs, locals watch as corporations encroach upon their lands. Critics have pointed out that the areas mapped out for ZEDE construction are ancestral lands in the Garifuna region which has been inhabited by the indigenous people for thousands of years. As a result, the construction of ZEDEs would lead to the mass displacement of the native population.

Many of the citizens of Honduras oppose the existence of ZEDEs, citing issues such as the sale of private territories and lands, and an increase in poverty rates. And because ZEDEs are independent jurisdictions with their own laws, they hold complete autonomy in the criminal justice system.

“We are seeing a new era of rapid technological innovation,” Ryan Hunter, CEO of Crypto Cannabis Club told Fortune. “Some of these innovations will be sustainable and some will be unsuccessful, but will provide valuable insights to enable further growth. I think crypto cities are too early to tell, but I do love the entrepreneurial spirit and innovation this movement represents.”

热读文章
热门视频
扫描二维码下载财富APP