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有专家认为,2022年可能出现完全抗疫苗的变异毒株

有专家认为,2022年可能出现完全抗疫苗的变异毒株

Megan Leonhardt 2021-12-23
专家表示,“我们会看到变异毒株不断出现,对现有新冠疫苗的耐药性会越来越高。问题只在于这种变异毒株出现的速度。”

对于新出现的新冠病毒奥米克戎变异毒株,专家们仍然有很多事情尚不清楚。但目前有一件事情是确定的,那就是它的传染性极强。

美国疾病预防与控制中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)公布的数据显示,截至12月18日的短短一周内,奥米克戎感染者在美国已经公布的新冠确诊病例中所占的比例从12.6%提高到73.2%。乔治城大学(Georgetown University)的教授兼免疫学家、Enochian BioSciences公司的首席执行官马克·迪布尔说:“由此可见,奥米克戎变异毒株的传染性之高。”

他认为,这些数据甚至并没有体现出奥米克戎真正的传播力。他表示:“我敢说,如果对纽约市的所有无症状者进行检测,感染者的比例可能就会达到60%至70%。新增[奥米克戎]感染者数量每两天翻一倍。”

但这种新型变异毒株对于美国的严重性,依旧难以预测。迪布尔称:“奥米克戎变异毒株的严重性很难预测。”目前,南非的数据显示,与其他变异毒株相比,奥米克戎导致的住院和死亡人数较少。

他指出:“到目前为止,死亡率几乎没有出现太大变化。许多患者出现了与流感类似的症状,并因此陷入恐慌。这些人让医院不堪重负,但并没有太多人因此住进ICU病房。”不过随着感染者越来越多和感染循环逐渐出现,情况可能发生改变。例如,感染率激增和随后的死亡率统计之间通常会存在时间差。

但即便是现有病例的严重性也不容忽视。迪布尔说:“人们的病情很严重,就像德尔塔变异毒株的感染者一样。只是他们并没有住院治疗。有些人持续两个月处于疲劳状态。奥米克戎感染者也是类似的情况。人们病情严重,只是需要住院治疗或死亡的概率较低,尤其是已经接种加强针疫苗的患者。”

各公司公布的实验数据和独立研究结果显示,目前,辉瑞(Pfizer)和Moderna新冠疫苗预防奥米克戎感染的效果较低,但防止重症和住院治疗的有效性依旧在70%左右。接种过一剂加强针后疫苗的保护力会增强,而据Moderna 在12月20日报告称,尤其是接种过Moderna加强针的患者能够得到更好的保护。白宫的新闻秘书珍·普萨基于12月21日表示,未接种疫苗者死于新冠病毒的概率是已接种疫苗者的14倍。

迪布尔称:“在美国,目前在ICU病房接受救治的患者几乎都没有接种新冠疫苗。”但现在要判断这种模式是否会持续下去仍然为时尚早。“未来几周,我们将从欧洲了解到更多信息,因为欧洲住院死亡率目前即将达到最高峰。在接下来的两周里,我们将找到答案。”

目前该如何应对奥米克戎变异毒株?

但这两周时间对于美国意味着什么,尤其是在美国年底的节日季来临,人们更有可能出行和聚会的情况下?

迪布尔称:“我们必须假设最糟糕的情况。”美国应该假设奥米克戎的严重性与德尔塔变异毒株相当甚至更糟糕,制定应对计划。但迪布尔认为实际情况是可控的。

他说:“如果我们现在开始执行响应措施,就没有必要恐慌。我们需要基本的公共卫生措施,不需要全面停摆。”

这意味着美国需要在未来六个月努力让所有人接种疫苗和加强针。迪布尔表示:“中间会有时间差,因为许多美国人在今年夏天甚至更晚的时候才接种第二剂疫苗,但最终所有人都需要接种新冠疫苗,而且这将大幅提升我们的防御力。”

其次,他认为所有人在公共空间和室内都应该佩戴口罩,最好是KN95或者质量更高的N95口罩。在室外人员密集的环境下也应该佩戴口罩。在街上行走的时候可以不戴口罩,但迪布尔认为要求人们尽量佩戴口罩将有助于新冠疫情的防控。

最后,美国人需要定期进行检测。学校和公司的经验已经证明,只要执行定期检测,就能够保证美国社会的正常运转。迪布尔表示:“我要进行节日旅行,所以我们每天都在做检测。”

12月21日,美国总统乔·拜登承诺采购5亿份居家快速检测试剂盒并免费发放。从2022年1月开始,美国人可以登陆新上线的联邦政府网站免费订购试剂盒,这些试剂盒将被直接寄到民众家中。拜登政府还计划在各地新设立多个联邦检测点,首个检测点位于纽约市,计划在本周投入使用。美国目前约有2万个免费检测点。

迪布尔认为:“我们需要大量居家快速检测试剂盒,并且所有人都应该定期进行检测。新冠疫情会像野火一样快速蔓延。因此我们必须采取措施,以免陷入恐慌,进而避免经济灾难再次发生。”

2022年夏天新冠疫情可能再次恶化

奥米克戎已经具有部分疫苗耐药性,因为它似乎能够成功躲过新冠疫苗。但值得注意的是,接种疫苗对于避免重症依旧至关重要。迪布尔说:“疫苗依旧可以大幅提升免疫力,至少只要变异株只有部分耐药性,接种疫苗就能够帮助避免重症和死亡。”

但他预计在2022年3月至5月期间会出现对疫苗具有完全耐药性的新冠病毒变异毒株。他认为让现有疫苗完全失效的变异毒株的出现是“不可避免的。”

他表示:“我们会看到变异株不断出现,对现有疫苗的耐药性会越来越高。问题只在于这种变异毒株出现的速度。”

一旦出现这种变异株,辉瑞、Moderna等疫苗生产商必须开发二代疫苗,可能需要约100天时间才可以投入生产。随着对疫苗具有完全耐药性的变异株出现,佩戴口罩、社交隔离和良好的卫生习惯将变得更加重要。辉瑞和默沙东(Merk)开发的口服药物以及其他正在开发中的治疗方法,可能也有助于防止新冠疫情恶化。

如果迪布尔的预测成真,2022年夏天就将是一段疯狂的时期。(财富中文网)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

对于新出现的新冠病毒奥米克戎变异毒株,专家们仍然有很多事情尚不清楚。但目前有一件事情是确定的,那就是它的传染性极强。

美国疾病预防与控制中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)公布的数据显示,截至12月18日的短短一周内,奥米克戎感染者在美国已经公布的新冠确诊病例中所占的比例从12.6%提高到73.2%。乔治城大学(Georgetown University)的教授兼免疫学家、Enochian BioSciences公司的首席执行官马克·迪布尔说:“由此可见,奥米克戎变异毒株的传染性之高。”

他认为,这些数据甚至并没有体现出奥米克戎真正的传播力。他表示:“我敢说,如果对纽约市的所有无症状者进行检测,感染者的比例可能就会达到60%至70%。新增[奥米克戎]感染者数量每两天翻一倍。”

但这种新型变异毒株对于美国的严重性,依旧难以预测。迪布尔称:“奥米克戎变异毒株的严重性很难预测。”目前,南非的数据显示,与其他变异毒株相比,奥米克戎导致的住院和死亡人数较少。

他指出:“到目前为止,死亡率几乎没有出现太大变化。许多患者出现了与流感类似的症状,并因此陷入恐慌。这些人让医院不堪重负,但并没有太多人因此住进ICU病房。”不过随着感染者越来越多和感染循环逐渐出现,情况可能发生改变。例如,感染率激增和随后的死亡率统计之间通常会存在时间差。

但即便是现有病例的严重性也不容忽视。迪布尔说:“人们的病情很严重,就像德尔塔变异毒株的感染者一样。只是他们并没有住院治疗。有些人持续两个月处于疲劳状态。奥米克戎感染者也是类似的情况。人们病情严重,只是需要住院治疗或死亡的概率较低,尤其是已经接种加强针疫苗的患者。”

各公司公布的实验数据和独立研究结果显示,目前,辉瑞(Pfizer)和Moderna新冠疫苗预防奥米克戎感染的效果较低,但防止重症和住院治疗的有效性依旧在70%左右。接种过一剂加强针后疫苗的保护力会增强,而据Moderna 在12月20日报告称,尤其是接种过Moderna加强针的患者能够得到更好的保护。白宫的新闻秘书珍·普萨基于12月21日表示,未接种疫苗者死于新冠病毒的概率是已接种疫苗者的14倍。

迪布尔称:“在美国,目前在ICU病房接受救治的患者几乎都没有接种新冠疫苗。”但现在要判断这种模式是否会持续下去仍然为时尚早。“未来几周,我们将从欧洲了解到更多信息,因为欧洲住院死亡率目前即将达到最高峰。在接下来的两周里,我们将找到答案。”

目前该如何应对奥米克戎变异毒株?

但这两周时间对于美国意味着什么,尤其是在美国年底的节日季来临,人们更有可能出行和聚会的情况下?

迪布尔称:“我们必须假设最糟糕的情况。”美国应该假设奥米克戎的严重性与德尔塔变异毒株相当甚至更糟糕,制定应对计划。但迪布尔认为实际情况是可控的。

他说:“如果我们现在开始执行响应措施,就没有必要恐慌。我们需要基本的公共卫生措施,不需要全面停摆。”

这意味着美国需要在未来六个月努力让所有人接种疫苗和加强针。迪布尔表示:“中间会有时间差,因为许多美国人在今年夏天甚至更晚的时候才接种第二剂疫苗,但最终所有人都需要接种新冠疫苗,而且这将大幅提升我们的防御力。”

其次,他认为所有人在公共空间和室内都应该佩戴口罩,最好是KN95或者质量更高的N95口罩。在室外人员密集的环境下也应该佩戴口罩。在街上行走的时候可以不戴口罩,但迪布尔认为要求人们尽量佩戴口罩将有助于新冠疫情的防控。

最后,美国人需要定期进行检测。学校和公司的经验已经证明,只要执行定期检测,就能够保证美国社会的正常运转。迪布尔表示:“我要进行节日旅行,所以我们每天都在做检测。”

12月21日,美国总统乔·拜登承诺采购5亿份居家快速检测试剂盒并免费发放。从2022年1月开始,美国人可以登陆新上线的联邦政府网站免费订购试剂盒,这些试剂盒将被直接寄到民众家中。拜登政府还计划在各地新设立多个联邦检测点,首个检测点位于纽约市,计划在本周投入使用。美国目前约有2万个免费检测点。

迪布尔认为:“我们需要大量居家快速检测试剂盒,并且所有人都应该定期进行检测。新冠疫情会像野火一样快速蔓延。因此我们必须采取措施,以免陷入恐慌,进而避免经济灾难再次发生。”

2022年夏天新冠疫情可能再次恶化

奥米克戎已经具有部分疫苗耐药性,因为它似乎能够成功躲过新冠疫苗。但值得注意的是,接种疫苗对于避免重症依旧至关重要。迪布尔说:“疫苗依旧可以大幅提升免疫力,至少只要变异株只有部分耐药性,接种疫苗就能够帮助避免重症和死亡。”

但他预计在2022年3月至5月期间会出现对疫苗具有完全耐药性的新冠病毒变异毒株。他认为让现有疫苗完全失效的变异毒株的出现是“不可避免的。”

他表示:“我们会看到变异株不断出现,对现有疫苗的耐药性会越来越高。问题只在于这种变异毒株出现的速度。”

一旦出现这种变异株,辉瑞、Moderna等疫苗生产商必须开发二代疫苗,可能需要约100天时间才可以投入生产。随着对疫苗具有完全耐药性的变异株出现,佩戴口罩、社交隔离和良好的卫生习惯将变得更加重要。辉瑞和默沙东(Merk)开发的口服药物以及其他正在开发中的治疗方法,可能也有助于防止新冠疫情恶化。

如果迪布尔的预测成真,2022年夏天就将是一段疯狂的时期。(财富中文网)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

When it comes to the new Omicron variant of COVID-19, there’s a lot that experts still don’t know. But the one thing is clear at this point: it’s highly contagious.

In a week, Omicron went from accounting for 12.6% of all reported U.S. cases of COVID-19 to 73.2% as of Dec. 18, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “That tells you how transmissible it is,” says Mark Dybul, a Georgetown University professor and immunologist who serves as CEO of Enochian BioSciences.

And those numbers might even be hiding how vast the true spread really is, according to Dybul. “I would bet 60% to 70% of New York City is infected if we actually tested those who are asymptomatic,” he said. “The number of new [Omicron] infections is doubling every couple of days.”

But predicting how severe this latest variant will be for the U.S. is still hard to tell. “You can't predict this one,” Dybul says. Right now, the data from Southern Africa shows there are fewer hospitalizations and deaths as a result of Omicron compared to other variants.

“So far, the death rate is barely bumping. Yes, hospitals are getting overwhelmed with people with flu-like symptoms who are sick and scared. It's not people going to the ICU,” Dybul says. But that may change as more cases are reported and infection cycles play out. For instance, there's typically a lag between infection rates spiking and death rates following suit.

But the severity of even the current cases shouldn’t be diminished. “People are getting really sick, just as they did with Delta. They just weren't being hospitalized. But there were people out from fatigue for two months,” Dybul says. “That's happening with Omicron as well. People are going to get very sick. They're just less likely to be hospitalized or die, especially if they're boosted.”

Currently, Pfizer and Moderna COVID vaccines are less effective against preventing Omicron infection, but they are still about 70% effective at preventing severe infection and hospitalization, according to self-reported testing from the companies and independent research. That protection increases among those who received a booster, but particularly for people who received a Moderna booster, the company reported on December 20. White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki said on December 21 that those who are unvaccinated are 14 times more likely to die from COVID than those who are vaccinated.

“In the United States, people currently in the ICUs are almost uniformly unvaccinated,” Dybul says. But it’s too early to tell if that pattern will continue. “We'll know a lot from Europe in the next few weeks because they're hitting their peak now, especially in terms of hospitalization death rates. In the next two weeks, we will have the answer.”

How should Americans respond to Omicron now?

But what does that two week window mean for the U.S., especially as Americans approach the end-of-the-year holidays when people are more likely to travel and gather together?

“We have to assume the worst,” Dybul says, adding Americans should plan for Omicron to be as bad or worse than Delta’s severity. But Dybul says the situation is actually manageable.

“We don't have to panic if we actually respond now. We need basic good public health measures, which is not shutting everything down,” Dybul says.

That means that the U.S. needs to focus on getting everyone a vaccine and a booster within the next six months. “There's going to be a lag there because so much of our population didn't get a second dose until the summer or later, but you know, everyone needs to get it and that will do a lot of protection,” Dybul says.

Second, he says everyone needs to be wearing masks in public spaces and indoors—KN95 quality or better if possible, which would be an N95. If you’re outside and it’s crowded, you should be wearing then, too. If you're walking down the street, you probably don't need a mask, but Dybul says it might help get people to wear masks as much as possible.

Lastly, Americans need regular testing. Schools and businesses have shown that with regular testing, the U.S. can keep moving. “I'm traveling for the holidays, and we're testing every day,” Dybul says.

On December 21, President Joe Biden pledged to purchase 500 million rapid, at-home tests and distribute them for free. Starting in January, Americans will be able to log onto a new federal website and order free tests sent to their homes. The administration is also planning to set up a number of new federal testing sites around the country, the first of which is planned to launch in New York City this week. Currently, the U.S. has about 20,000 free testing sites.

“What we need is a massive amount of home-based rapid tests and we should all be testing regularly,” Dybul says. “This thing is gonna spread like wildfire. So we need to take action so that we don't have that panic, so we don't have another economic catastrophe.”

Looking ahead, summer is likely going to be worse

Omicron is already at least a partially vaccine-resistant variant, as it seems to be successfully evading vaccines. It's important to note, though, that vaccinations are still critical for avoiding the most serious cases. “There's still a lot of immunity around that keeps you from getting really sick and dying, at least as long as so it's partially resistant,” Dybul says.

But he expects to see a fully resistant COVID variant emerge between March and May of 2022. “It’s inevitable,” Dybul says of the rise of a variant that escapes the current vaccines.

“We are going to have variants, continual variants that become more and more resistant to our current vaccine, Dybul says. “The question is at what speed will that happen.”

When that does happen, Pfizer, Moderna and other producers will have to generate a second generation of the vaccine, which would likely take around 100 days to launch production. With a fully vaccine-resistant variant, masking, social distancing and general good hygiene habits will become more important. Oral medications, including those by Pfizer and Merk, and other treatments in development now may also prove helpful.

Still, if Dybul’s prediction holds true, summer 2022 is looking to be a crazy time.

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