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特斯拉的泡沫即将破灭?

特斯拉的泡沫即将破灭?

Shawn Tully 2021-02-10
人们总说“这一次不一样”,但结果总是事与愿违。

推动特斯拉公司(Tesla)股价不断高涨的投资者理念,体现了一种肆无忌惮的心态。在其推动下,标普500(S&P 500)进入了一种不可持续且必将很快破灭的投机狂热状态,包括杰里米•格兰瑟姆以及Research Affiliates的诸多专家在内的行业人士都是这样认为的。

自2020年夏初以来,特斯拉与整体标普一样一直处于过热的状态,形成了超级夸张的规模。在众多市场专家的眼中,特斯拉如今成为了疯狂股市的代言人。

在今年1月5日发表的一篇文章中,有着传奇色彩的投资者格兰瑟姆称,标普500最近进入了泡沫领域,而且其先行指标便是特斯拉股价如同“疯牛”般的爆炸式增长。

格兰瑟姆警告说:“在这次牛市的首个十年,我们一直缺少这类疯狂的投机现象,而如今有了。”他还指出,“尤其是特斯拉”,它集中体现了市场的疯狂程度。

八十多岁的格兰瑟姆是资产管理巨头GMO的联合创始人及长期投资策略师。他表示,当股价在稳步升至其至高点,然后突然打破这种渐进模式,像坐火箭一样进入飙升状态时,人们都知道这是一种疯狂的表现。

他写道:“泡沫晚期正好就是这样的:加速、接近垂直的上升轨迹,持续时长不详,但通常较短。”对格兰瑟姆来说,当市场从一个新高到另一个新高所用的时间越来越短时,泡沫的破灭即将来临。

最耀眼的例子莫过于特斯拉。就市值而言,没有企业在股市历史上经历过如此之巨大的飞跃,因为这家电动汽车制造商于去年夏天开始其飞速发展的旅程时,其每一次跃升的幅度都远高于上一次,而且间隔如此之短。

截至今年1月初,特斯拉的飙升让创始人及首席执行官埃隆•马斯克成为了全球首富,其净财富值达到了1950亿美元,比上一任首富亚马逊(Amazon)的首席执行官杰夫•贝佐斯还多90亿美元。

有关特斯拉的警报由此而拉响:其股价缺乏基本面支撑,尤其是没有合理的估算能够说明其今后的销售和盈利增速可以达到多快,而这通常是影响股价的最根本指标。

在最近的一篇文章中,Research Affiliates的罗伯•阿诺特、维塔利•凯乐斯尼克和莉莉安•吴认为,特斯拉股价进入泡沫期的两个重要指标在于:首先,“人们无法为其估值找到合理的解释”;第二,“买家的兴趣基于预测该公司在未来会大获成功的动人说辞和故事”,但忽略了有关特斯拉如何实现这一点的预测细节,包括特斯拉在全球汽车行业增长缓慢的环境下为匹配这一估值所需占据的巨大市场份额。

让我们先来看看格兰瑟姆发出的这个警告:如果已然处于高点的股价再次出现大幅上扬,那么这将是牛市垂死挣扎的前兆。

特斯拉股价的轨迹再一次反映了大市值公司的现状,只是规模更加夸张了些。自进入2020年以来,特斯拉股价在2月中旬翻了一番,达到了创纪录的180美元,但在3月残酷的抛售中又跌回100美元以下。当时,标普计划将这家电动汽车制造商列入该指数的传言甚嚣尘上。

事实证明,加入标普俱乐部的过程对推高特斯拉的股价起了重要作用。

跻身标普500行列极大地提振了这家新成员的股价,此次上涨分为两个阶段,均发生在其正式加入标普500之前。第一次上涨发生在市场传言“某公司”将被列入标普的时期。第二次上涨的幅度更大,发生在标普宣布将其纳入该公司并给出具体的纳入日期之时。

在研究中,Research Affiliates注意到,对冲基金经理和其他流动性提供商会在该公司正式加入标普前囤积其股票,第一次是在传言期,然后在标普官宣后会加速囤积。这些中间商随后会将其持有的该公司股票库存卖给与标普挂钩的对冲基金、交易所交易基金(ETF)和投资工具(这些机构有义务出售被标普除名公司的股票,然后按照该公司在指数中的权重购入相应数量的股票)。

就特斯拉而言,成为标普会员前的购买潮可谓是空前的,因为按照市值来看,这家电动汽车到目前为止是加入标普最大的新竞争者。Research Affiliates估计,与该指数挂钩的资产达到了11万亿美元。

从去年3月中旬传言流出,到11月16日标普对华尔街官宣,特斯拉的股价从90美元飙升至408美元,增幅达到了350%,使其市值增加了3000亿美元,达到了3900亿美元。

然后,在标普于感恩节前发布声明后,按照总市值这个最为重要的指标计算,特斯拉迎来了更为猛烈的第二轮上涨。从声明发布到12月21日正式纳入标普的9周时间里,公司股价大涨59%,达到了659美元。然后于1月8日,再次暴增至880美元。

总的来看,从去年11月16日的新闻发布到今年1月8日,特斯拉的股价增长了一倍多,其市值增幅达到了4460亿美元,甚至超过了传言期。

Research Affiliates认为,当特斯拉在去年12月21日将一些市值小得多的企业挤出标普时,指数基金、交易所交易基金和其他跟踪器购买了2200亿美元的特斯拉股票来重新平衡其仓位,而这些股票大多购于长期建仓的对冲基金。所有这些增持行为必然会推高其股价。

但是,其他公司在加入标普前所获得的收益与特斯拉相比能有多大的差距?

Research Affiliates估计,在官宣日和正式加入标普指数日期之间,新加入成员的股价平均高出标普均价10个百分点。从去年11月16日至12月12日,指数本身仅上涨了1.9%,而特斯拉狂涨59%,超出标普57个百分点,几乎是均值的6倍。

在特斯拉加入标普三周的时间中,其股价再次上涨了34%。从去年3月传言开始到11月中旬官宣,特斯拉市值上涨了3000亿美元,然后在不到8周的时间内再次大涨近4500亿美元,让格兰瑟姆这类专业人士大呼看不懂。

标普500泡沫?

事实上,特斯拉从一个巅峰向另一个巅峰的快速跳跃亦印证了标普最近的发展轨迹。

在夏季大涨将指数推至历史新高之后,标普在去年11月特斯拉狂涨期间再次飙升,从当月初的3300点升至今年1月8日的3804点,在9周之内上涨了15%。纳斯达克更是风光,涨幅达20%。

特斯拉第二个泡沫警告在于,要拿出相应的业绩来满足当前股东期许:在未来几年获得大量的回报。如果马斯克希望投资者继续忠于连他自己都认为存在风险的股票,那么特斯拉就必须完成这个任务。

特斯拉只不过是市场的一个缩影罢了。标普500目前已经是如此之昂贵,以至于其必须异常迅速地(如果能够实现的话)提升其未来的利润,才可以给投资者带来回报。

正如Research Affiliates作者所说的那样:“我们在确认泡沫定义的第一部分提到,如果使用现金流折现法或其他估值模型,我们需要用近似荒谬的假设才能够解释市场或资产当前的价格。”

我们不妨假设,当前和未来投资者希望通过搭乘特斯拉这只火箭股获得至少10%的年回报率。由于特斯拉并不派息,那么它将需要通过其股价上涨来提供所有这些回报。

因此在短短7年后,也就是2028年初,其股价则需要再翻一番,达到1760美元,届时其市值将达到1.672万亿美元。市值实现起来倒不是很难,因为特斯拉非常有可能像过去一样,通过发行更多的股票来资助未来的增长。

让我们进一步假设,到2028年,特斯拉的市盈率达到约30左右。这个数字并不小,意味着投资者预期公司在未来会有更大的增长。如果这一切成为现实,特斯拉在2028年初每年基于通用会计准则(GAAP)的收入将达到557亿美元(相当于苹果公司当前的营收),然后自那之后迅猛增长。

那么,这段旅程将可能让特斯拉在7年内,从一家在截至10月的四个季度实现5.56亿美元净收入(如果不是销售13亿美元的碳积分的话仍然处于亏损状态)的企业,成为美国盈利能力排名前五位的公司。

我倾向于一个有根据的推测:标普500最赚钱的企业在同一时期的利润增幅应该相当于GDP增速加通胀,也就是约3.7%(2%经济增长+1.7%的CPI)。

按照这个逻辑,去年的冠军苹果公司(伯克希尔-哈撒韦除外,它是因为会计方法变化才跃居领先的位置)的利润将达到720亿美元,排名第二的微软(Microsoft)为510亿美元,排名第三的摩根大通(JPMorgan)470亿美元。

如果按照这个局面来看,特斯拉会成为美国盈利能力排名第二位的公司,超出微软40亿美元,超过摩根大通80亿美元。

然而,这件事不仅不会发生,而且连边都沾不上,至少从数字来看是这样的。

慈善家格兰瑟姆将大部分财富捐献给了应对气候变化事业,喜欢引用自己最喜爱的特斯拉衡量指标。他写道:“作为一名自豪的Model 3车主,我个人最喜欢的趣闻是其市值,如今已经超过了6000亿美元,相当于每年其所售每台车辆的均价超过了125万美元,而通用汽车(GM)每台车的均价只有9000美元。”

最近的大涨(格兰瑟姆曾经警告其是泡沫晚期的疯狂)让每台车的均价升至骇人耸听的170万美元。

标普将面临其自身的特斯拉式估价过高问题。

截至今年1月8日,该指数接近标普指数历史峰值的28倍:2019年年底公布的,前12个月基于通用会计准则的标普500指数成分股公司,每股收益为139美元。这个数字要么意味着大多数大市值股票未来的回报都将相当之低,要么意味着价格将暴跌,这样华尔街便真的可以兑现自己的承诺——在当前溢价水平下无法获得的未来高额回报。

就像格兰瑟姆指出的那样,关于这次的股市狂热现象,一个不正常而且通常令人不安的问题在于,大多数泡沫都发生在经济蓬勃发展时期,但这次的泡沫却在受新冠疫情严重冲击的经济困境中孕育而生。

正如Research Affiliates的专家所说的那样,特斯拉的拥趸打算回避这些数字,并用股市氛围、奇迹以及个人崇拜来说事。这一点与狂热分子的说辞如出一辙:极度兴奋的股市长着能够跑得越来越快的腿。

买空者认为,特斯拉是一家刚刚崭露头角的科技巨头,它可以“选择”去征服各类高利润行业。他们还认为,看空马斯克的做法毁掉了很多卖空者,而且最重要的是,长期以来,特斯拉超乎寻常的发展态势已经超越了这些数字,以至于它自身已经成为一种规律。

对于这个用传统标准来衡量已经异常昂贵的整体股市,他们亦给出了同样的理由。卡尔•伊卡恩在格兰瑟姆发布其警告的前一天说:“这些股价疯狂攀升的情况背后还有一个共同之处:人们总说‘这一次不一样’,但结果总是事与愿违。”

这一至理名言也适用于美国的大市值企业,特斯拉股价的这种离谱现象正是其弱点的真实写照。(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

推动特斯拉公司(Tesla)股价不断高涨的投资者理念,体现了一种肆无忌惮的心态。在其推动下,标普500(S&P 500)进入了一种不可持续且必将很快破灭的投机狂热状态,包括杰里米•格兰瑟姆以及Research Affiliates的诸多专家在内的行业人士都是这样认为的。

自2020年夏初以来,特斯拉与整体标普一样一直处于过热的状态,形成了超级夸张的规模。在众多市场专家的眼中,特斯拉如今成为了疯狂股市的代言人。

在今年1月5日发表的一篇文章中,有着传奇色彩的投资者格兰瑟姆称,标普500最近进入了泡沫领域,而且其先行指标便是特斯拉股价如同“疯牛”般的爆炸式增长。

格兰瑟姆警告说:“在这次牛市的首个十年,我们一直缺少这类疯狂的投机现象,而如今有了。”他还指出,“尤其是特斯拉”,它集中体现了市场的疯狂程度。

八十多岁的格兰瑟姆是资产管理巨头GMO的联合创始人及长期投资策略师。他表示,当股价在稳步升至其至高点,然后突然打破这种渐进模式,像坐火箭一样进入飙升状态时,人们都知道这是一种疯狂的表现。

他写道:“泡沫晚期正好就是这样的:加速、接近垂直的上升轨迹,持续时长不详,但通常较短。”对格兰瑟姆来说,当市场从一个新高到另一个新高所用的时间越来越短时,泡沫的破灭即将来临。

最耀眼的例子莫过于特斯拉。就市值而言,没有企业在股市历史上经历过如此之巨大的飞跃,因为这家电动汽车制造商于去年夏天开始其飞速发展的旅程时,其每一次跃升的幅度都远高于上一次,而且间隔如此之短。

截至今年1月初,特斯拉的飙升让创始人及首席执行官埃隆•马斯克成为了全球首富,其净财富值达到了1950亿美元,比上一任首富亚马逊(Amazon)的首席执行官杰夫•贝佐斯还多90亿美元。

有关特斯拉的警报由此而拉响:其股价缺乏基本面支撑,尤其是没有合理的估算能够说明其今后的销售和盈利增速可以达到多快,而这通常是影响股价的最根本指标。

在最近的一篇文章中,Research Affiliates的罗伯•阿诺特、维塔利•凯乐斯尼克和莉莉安•吴认为,特斯拉股价进入泡沫期的两个重要指标在于:首先,“人们无法为其估值找到合理的解释”;第二,“买家的兴趣基于预测该公司在未来会大获成功的动人说辞和故事”,但忽略了有关特斯拉如何实现这一点的预测细节,包括特斯拉在全球汽车行业增长缓慢的环境下为匹配这一估值所需占据的巨大市场份额。

让我们先来看看格兰瑟姆发出的这个警告:如果已然处于高点的股价再次出现大幅上扬,那么这将是牛市垂死挣扎的前兆。

特斯拉股价的轨迹再一次反映了大市值公司的现状,只是规模更加夸张了些。自进入2020年以来,特斯拉股价在2月中旬翻了一番,达到了创纪录的180美元,但在3月残酷的抛售中又跌回100美元以下。当时,标普计划将这家电动汽车制造商列入该指数的传言甚嚣尘上。

事实证明,加入标普俱乐部的过程对推高特斯拉的股价起了重要作用。

跻身标普500行列极大地提振了这家新成员的股价,此次上涨分为两个阶段,均发生在其正式加入标普500之前。第一次上涨发生在市场传言“某公司”将被列入标普的时期。第二次上涨的幅度更大,发生在标普宣布将其纳入该公司并给出具体的纳入日期之时。

在研究中,Research Affiliates注意到,对冲基金经理和其他流动性提供商会在该公司正式加入标普前囤积其股票,第一次是在传言期,然后在标普官宣后会加速囤积。这些中间商随后会将其持有的该公司股票库存卖给与标普挂钩的对冲基金、交易所交易基金(ETF)和投资工具(这些机构有义务出售被标普除名公司的股票,然后按照该公司在指数中的权重购入相应数量的股票)。

就特斯拉而言,成为标普会员前的购买潮可谓是空前的,因为按照市值来看,这家电动汽车到目前为止是加入标普最大的新竞争者。Research Affiliates估计,与该指数挂钩的资产达到了11万亿美元。

从去年3月中旬传言流出,到11月16日标普对华尔街官宣,特斯拉的股价从90美元飙升至408美元,增幅达到了350%,使其市值增加了3000亿美元,达到了3900亿美元。

然后,在标普于感恩节前发布声明后,按照总市值这个最为重要的指标计算,特斯拉迎来了更为猛烈的第二轮上涨。从声明发布到12月21日正式纳入标普的9周时间里,公司股价大涨59%,达到了659美元。然后于1月8日,再次暴增至880美元。

总的来看,从去年11月16日的新闻发布到今年1月8日,特斯拉的股价增长了一倍多,其市值增幅达到了4460亿美元,甚至超过了传言期。

Research Affiliates认为,当特斯拉在去年12月21日将一些市值小得多的企业挤出标普时,指数基金、交易所交易基金和其他跟踪器购买了2200亿美元的特斯拉股票来重新平衡其仓位,而这些股票大多购于长期建仓的对冲基金。所有这些增持行为必然会推高其股价。

但是,其他公司在加入标普前所获得的收益与特斯拉相比能有多大的差距?

Research Affiliates估计,在官宣日和正式加入标普指数日期之间,新加入成员的股价平均高出标普均价10个百分点。从去年11月16日至12月12日,指数本身仅上涨了1.9%,而特斯拉狂涨59%,超出标普57个百分点,几乎是均值的6倍。

在特斯拉加入标普三周的时间中,其股价再次上涨了34%。从去年3月传言开始到11月中旬官宣,特斯拉市值上涨了3000亿美元,然后在不到8周的时间内再次大涨近4500亿美元,让格兰瑟姆这类专业人士大呼看不懂。

标普500泡沫?

事实上,特斯拉从一个巅峰向另一个巅峰的快速跳跃亦印证了标普最近的发展轨迹。

在夏季大涨将指数推至历史新高之后,标普在去年11月特斯拉狂涨期间再次飙升,从当月初的3300点升至今年1月8日的3804点,在9周之内上涨了15%。纳斯达克更是风光,涨幅达20%。

特斯拉第二个泡沫警告在于,要拿出相应的业绩来满足当前股东期许:在未来几年获得大量的回报。如果马斯克希望投资者继续忠于连他自己都认为存在风险的股票,那么特斯拉就必须完成这个任务。

特斯拉只不过是市场的一个缩影罢了。标普500目前已经是如此之昂贵,以至于其必须异常迅速地(如果能够实现的话)提升其未来的利润,才可以给投资者带来回报。

正如Research Affiliates作者所说的那样:“我们在确认泡沫定义的第一部分提到,如果使用现金流折现法或其他估值模型,我们需要用近似荒谬的假设才能够解释市场或资产当前的价格。”

我们不妨假设,当前和未来投资者希望通过搭乘特斯拉这只火箭股获得至少10%的年回报率。由于特斯拉并不派息,那么它将需要通过其股价上涨来提供所有这些回报。

因此在短短7年后,也就是2028年初,其股价则需要再翻一番,达到1760美元,届时其市值将达到1.672万亿美元。市值实现起来倒不是很难,因为特斯拉非常有可能像过去一样,通过发行更多的股票来资助未来的增长。

让我们进一步假设,到2028年,特斯拉的市盈率达到约30左右。这个数字并不小,意味着投资者预期公司在未来会有更大的增长。如果这一切成为现实,特斯拉在2028年初每年基于通用会计准则(GAAP)的收入将达到557亿美元(相当于苹果公司当前的营收),然后自那之后迅猛增长。

那么,这段旅程将可能让特斯拉在7年内,从一家在截至10月的四个季度实现5.56亿美元净收入(如果不是销售13亿美元的碳积分的话仍然处于亏损状态)的企业,成为美国盈利能力排名前五位的公司。

我倾向于一个有根据的推测:标普500最赚钱的企业在同一时期的利润增幅应该相当于GDP增速加通胀,也就是约3.7%(2%经济增长+1.7%的CPI)。

按照这个逻辑,去年的冠军苹果公司(伯克希尔-哈撒韦除外,它是因为会计方法变化才跃居领先的位置)的利润将达到720亿美元,排名第二的微软(Microsoft)为510亿美元,排名第三的摩根大通(JPMorgan)470亿美元。

如果按照这个局面来看,特斯拉会成为美国盈利能力排名第二位的公司,超出微软40亿美元,超过摩根大通80亿美元。

然而,这件事不仅不会发生,而且连边都沾不上,至少从数字来看是这样的。

慈善家格兰瑟姆将大部分财富捐献给了应对气候变化事业,喜欢引用自己最喜爱的特斯拉衡量指标。他写道:“作为一名自豪的Model 3车主,我个人最喜欢的趣闻是其市值,如今已经超过了6000亿美元,相当于每年其所售每台车辆的均价超过了125万美元,而通用汽车(GM)每台车的均价只有9000美元。”

最近的大涨(格兰瑟姆曾经警告其是泡沫晚期的疯狂)让每台车的均价升至骇人耸听的170万美元。

标普将面临其自身的特斯拉式估价过高问题。

截至今年1月8日,该指数接近标普指数历史峰值的28倍:2019年年底公布的,前12个月基于通用会计准则的标普500指数成分股公司,每股收益为139美元。这个数字要么意味着大多数大市值股票未来的回报都将相当之低,要么意味着价格将暴跌,这样华尔街便真的可以兑现自己的承诺——在当前溢价水平下无法获得的未来高额回报。

就像格兰瑟姆指出的那样,关于这次的股市狂热现象,一个不正常而且通常令人不安的问题在于,大多数泡沫都发生在经济蓬勃发展时期,但这次的泡沫却在受新冠疫情严重冲击的经济困境中孕育而生。

正如Research Affiliates的专家所说的那样,特斯拉的拥趸打算回避这些数字,并用股市氛围、奇迹以及个人崇拜来说事。这一点与狂热分子的说辞如出一辙:极度兴奋的股市长着能够跑得越来越快的腿。

买空者认为,特斯拉是一家刚刚崭露头角的科技巨头,它可以“选择”去征服各类高利润行业。他们还认为,看空马斯克的做法毁掉了很多卖空者,而且最重要的是,长期以来,特斯拉超乎寻常的发展态势已经超越了这些数字,以至于它自身已经成为一种规律。

对于这个用传统标准来衡量已经异常昂贵的整体股市,他们亦给出了同样的理由。卡尔•伊卡恩在格兰瑟姆发布其警告的前一天说:“这些股价疯狂攀升的情况背后还有一个共同之处:人们总说‘这一次不一样’,但结果总是事与愿违。”

这一至理名言也适用于美国的大市值企业,特斯拉股价的这种离谱现象正是其弱点的真实写照。(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

According to many of the best minds in investing, including Jeremy Grantham and the experts at Research Affiliates, the investor mindset that's driving Tesla's stock ever higher mirrors the reckless thinking that has pushed the S&P 500 to an unsustainable speculative fever that's soon bound to break. Since early summer of 2020, Tesla has been showing the same excesses, on an ultra-exaggerated scale, as the overall S&P. In the view of many market sages, Tesla is now the proxy for a market gone mad.

In an essay posted on Jan. 5, legendary investor Grantham asserted that the S&P 500 has recently entered bubble territory, and that the leading indicator, a symbol of "bulls gone wild," is the explosion in Tesla's stock. Grantham warns, "For the first 10 years of this bull market, we lacked such wild [1929- and 2000-style] speculation, but now we have it," adding that it's "especially Tesla" that epitomizes the market mania.

Grantham, the octogenarian cofounder and long-term investment strategist at asset management giant GMO, asserts that you know it's a craze when share prices, after rising steadily to lofty heights, suddenly break from that gradual ascent and take a moonshot, as if propelled by a booster rocket. "It is precisely what you'd expect from a late-stage bubble: an accelerating, nearly vertical stage of unknowable length—but typically short," he writes. For Grantham, a market vaulting faster and faster from one new peak to the next signals that we're near the bursting point.

Exhibit A is Tesla. No enterprise in the history of equity markets has ever staged such gigantic jumps in market cap, each leap far exceeding the last, in such a brief period as the electric-car maker garnered starting last summer. As of early January, Tesla's liftoff has made founder and CEO Elon Musk the world's richest person, boasting a net worth of $195 billion, putting him $9 billion ahead of the previous title holder, Amazon's Jeff Bezos. Tesla's warning lights are also flashing that its shares are flying free of fundamentals, notably: reasonable estimates of how fast its sales and earnings can grow from here, the gravitational metrics that normally govern stock prices.

In a recent paper, Rob Arnott, Vitali Kalesnik, and Lillian Wu of Research Affiliates—a firm that oversees investment strategies for $145 billion in mutual funds and ETFs—argue that Tesla fits the two key criteria for a bubble: first, "implausible assumptions are needed to justify its valuation," and second, that "buyer interest is based on a great narrative or story that foretells great future success" but omits detailed forecasts of how Tesla will triumph, including the gigantic share of sales in the slow-growing global auto industry it would need to get there.

Let's start with Grantham's warning on how a big, new spike in prices, from already high levels, presages the death throes of a bull market. Once again, Tesla's trajectory mirrors what's happened in big-caps, just on a much grander scale. From the start of 2020, Tesla doubled to an all-time high of $180 in mid-February, only to retreat back below $100 during the brutal March selloff. Around that time, rumors abounded that the S&P 500 planned to add the electric-car maker to the index. As it turned out, the journey toward joining the S&P greatly helped Tesla's shares.

Getting a place in the 500 provides a big lift to the newcomer's shares, and the rise happens in two phases, both coming before the day it's actually added. The first boost takes place in the period when the market is buzzing that “XYZ Inc.” is up for membership. The second bump, which is usually bigger, arrives when the S&P announces that it's admitting XYZ and gives the starting date. In its study, Research Affiliates notes that hedge fund managers and other liquidity providers stockpile XYZ's shares before it joins the S&P, first during the rumor period, then at a faster pace when the S&P makes it official. Those intermediaries then unload their inventories of XYZ to the hedge funds, ETFs, and investment vehicles that track the S&P (and are hence obligated to sell shares in the companies that are kicked off, and purchase shares proportional to XYZ's weight in the index).

In Tesla's case, that pre-membership buying was epic—because the EV giant is by far the biggest new contender, measured by market cap, ever to enter the S&P. Research Affiliates estimates that $11 trillion in assets track the index. From mid-March, when the rumors started, to Nov. 16, when the S&P made the word on Wall Street official, Tesla's stock jumped from around $90 to $408, a rise of 350% that swelled its market cap by $300 billion, to $390 billion. Then, following the S&P's pre-Thanksgiving announcement, Tesla staged a second, even bigger blowout measured in what matters most, its total valuation. In the nine weeks from announcement day to officially joining on Dec. 21, its shares waxed another 59%, to $659, then surged again by Friday, Jan. 8, to $880, not long before this story was published. All told, from the Nov. 16 news to Jan. 8, Tesla more than doubled to $880, an explosion that raised its market cap even more than in the rumor period, by $446 billion.

Research Affiliates reckoned that index funds, ETFs, and other trackers bought $220 billion in Tesla's shares to rebalance their holdings, mostly from those hedge funds that had been long building stockpiles, when Tesla replaced much smaller members on Dec. 21. All that buying was bound to buoy its stock. But how does that performance compare with the gains notched by other companies just before they join the S&P?

Research Affiliates estimates that between the date of the official announcement and the day it joins the index, the average new entrant's shares beat the S&P average by 10 points. In the period from Nov. 16 to Dec. 21, the index rose just 1.9%, and Tesla soared 59%, outpacing the S&P by 57 points, almost six times the average. And in its three weeks as a member, it has gained an additional 34%. That pattern of first adding $300 billion from the March rumors to the mid-November announcement, then adding an additional nearly $450 billion in less than eight weeks, is what bothers the likes of Grantham.

The S&P 500 bubble?

In fact, Tesla's quickening hop from summit to new summit mirrors the recent course of the S&P. After a tremendous summer surge that took the index to an all-time record, it took off again in November around the time Tesla was romping, rising from 3300 early that month to 3804 on Jan. 8, or over 15% in nine weeks. The Nasdaq fared even better, rising 20%.

Tesla's second bubble alert is the performance required to give its current shareholders what they're expecting: big gains in future years. That's an absolute must if Musk is to keep investors loyal to what even he acknowledges is a risky stock. Once again, Tesla is typical of the market, only more so. The S&P 500 is so expensive that to reward investors, it needs to generate extremely rapid, if not unachievable, increases in profits going forward. As the Research Affiliates authors put it, "The first part of our definition to confirm a bubble is that using a discounted cash-flow or other valuation model, we would need implausible assumptions to justify the market's or asset's current price."

Let's assume today's and future investors would want at least a 10% annual return as the carrot for taking a rocky ride in Tesla. Since Tesla doesn't pay a dividend, it would need to deliver all of those gains via increases in its share price. So just over seven years from now, in early 2028, its stock price would need to double to $1,760, and its market cap reach $1.672 trillion. The latter is an optimistic bet, since it's highly possible that Tesla will float far more shares, as in the past, to fund future growth.

Let's further posit that in 2028, Tesla's price/earnings multiple settles at around 30. That's a high number, signaling that investors anticipate more big growth ahead. If all this happens, Tesla would be booking $55.7 billion a year in GAAP earnings in early 2028 (the $1.672 trillion market cap divided by a multiple of 30), about what Apple makes now, and rising pretty fast from there. That journey would take Tesla from an enterprise that generated $556 million in net income over the four quarters ended in October, and would have lost money without selling $1.3 billion in carbon credits, to probably reach the top five of America's most profitable companies in seven years.

I'll go with the informed guess that the top money-spinners in the S&P 500 grow their profits at GDP plus inflation in the same period, or by about 3.7% (2% for economic growth, 1.7% from a rising CPI). In that scenario, Apple, last year's No. 1 (excepting Berkshire Hathaway, which jumped in the lead because of an accounting change), would post profits of $72 billion, followed by No. 2 Microsoft at $51 billion and third-ranking JPMorgan at $47 billion. If that picture plays out, Tesla would become America's second most profitable company, beating Microsoft by $4 billion and JPMorgan by over $8 billion.

It not only won't happen, it won't come close to happening. At least that's what the numbers are saying. Grantham, a philanthropist who has contributed most of his fortune to fighting climate change, likes to cite his own favorite metric for Tesla. "As a proud Model 3 owner," he writes, "my personal favorite tidbit is that its market cap, now over $600 billion, amounts to over $1.25 million for every car sold each year versus $9,000 per car for GM." The recent run-up, just the kind of late-bubble spike Grantham warns about, has lifted that number-per-car to an even scarier $1.7 million.

The S&P is facing its own Tesla-style overvaluation problem. As of Jan. 8, the index stood at nearly 28 times the S&P's all-time peak: 12-month trailing GAAP earnings of $139 per share, posted at the close of 2019. That number either means that future returns on big-cap stocks in general will be extremely low, or that prices will drop sharply so that Wall Street can really provide what it's promising—big future gains that are impossible at these premium prices. As Grantham points out, what's unusual, and unusually disturbing, about this frenzy is that most bubbles happen when the economy's in great shape, and this one is brewing in a terrible climate ravaged by COVID-19.

As the experts at Research Affiliates point out, Tesla fans tend to shun the numbers and fall back on atmospherics, mythology, and the cult of personality. It's the same posture taken by zealots claiming that this euphoric market has legs that can churn forward ever faster. The bulls hold that Tesla is really a budding tech giant with the "optionality" to conquer sundry lucrative fields, that betting against Musk has ruined many a short-seller, and most of all, that Tesla's thundering momentum has trumped the numbers for so long that it has become a law unto itself. They're making the same case for an overall market that according to the traditional yardsticks is way overpriced. As another iconic investor, Carl Icahn, told CNBC the day before Grantham issued his warning, "Another thing [these wild rallies] have in common: It's always said, ‘It's different this time,’ but it never turns out to be the truth." That wisdom applies to America's big-caps, and nothing illustrates their vulnerability better than Tesla's outrageous run.

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