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一文读懂英国脱欧后的贸易协议

一文读懂英国脱欧后的贸易协议

彭博社 2020-12-31
本文根据彭博社获取的协议副本和欧盟与英国提供的条款摘要,总结了英国脱欧后贸易协议的主要内容。

英国首相鲍里斯•约翰逊签署的英国脱欧后贸易协议不同寻常的地方在于,与英国作为欧盟成员国的时候相比,企业将要面临更多贸易壁垒。

但这就是拿回主权的代价。虽然鲍里斯宣称他拿回了对英国国内捕鱼水域的控制权,并且终结了欧洲法院(European Court of Justice)对英国的管辖权,但企业和消费者在12月31日之后将面临更多贸易壁垒。

本文根据彭博社获取的协议副本和欧盟与英国提供的条款摘要,总结了英国脱欧后贸易协议的主要内容。

商品贸易

总结:该协议确保欧盟和英国之间交易的大部分商品不会面临新关税或配额。然而,英国出口商需要面对一系列新的监管障碍,这将增加英国企业在欧洲经商的成本和负担。

市场准入:英国和欧盟商品将继续享有免关税、免配额待遇。

原产地规则:新规则要求英国自行证明其出口到欧盟的产品的原产地。如果商品中含有较高比例的欧盟和英国以外的原料,可能将被加征关税。

健康与安全:欧盟将要求英国农产品出口商提供健康证明,并在海关检查站接受卫生和植物检疫检查。

检测与认证:双方没有互认协议,意味着英国监管机构无法认证在欧盟销售的产品,这可能成为重要的贸易壁垒。

贸易救济:欧盟和英国可能根据世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)的规定征收关税和执行其他制裁措施。

金融服务

总结:该协议没有对金融企业做出明确的说明。双方没有决定所谓的“等效性”制度,即并没有就允许伦敦的金融企业向单一市场出售服务达成一致。该协议中只有有关金融服务的标准条款,这意味着其中并不包含对市场准入的承诺。

英国和欧盟将讨论如何推进具体的等效性决定。负责审批欧盟市场准入的欧盟委员会(European Commission)表示需要英方提供更多信息,但目前尚没有做出更多等效性决定的计划。

监管合作:双方发表联合声明,表示将支持加强在金融监管领域的合作。双方希望在3月之前达成一份谅解备忘录。

公平竞争环境

总结:双方承诺严格执行环境、社会、劳动和税务透明标准,确保不会相互削弱。

该协议中并不包含要求英国必须与欧盟同步加强其市场规则的棘轮机制。

相反,协议中包含了一种再平衡机制:如果双方之间的分歧过大,任何一方可以征收关税。协议称:“这些措施将根据解决相关情况的需要,按照比例严格限制其范围和持续时间。”这些措施还需要接受一个独立专家委员会仲裁,而不是由欧洲法院仲裁。

双方不得提供无限制的国际担保,用于偿还企业的债务。根据欧盟法律规定,英国不得对濒临倒闭但没有重组计划的企业进行救助,而且对濒临倒闭的银行只能以帮助其清盘为目的进行最低限度的救助。

英国和欧盟还需要披露其提供的补贴。

争端解决

总结:欧盟和英国可以协商解决因该协议产生的争端,欧盟法院将不在其中扮演任何角色。

仲裁委员会可能对某些领域做出裁决,并且可以命令一方解决问题或提供赔偿。

如果一方没有遵守仲裁结果,对方可以“暂停履行义务”,这意味着中止部分市场准入或合作。

如果面临“严重的经济、社会或环境难题”,任何一方可以采取有时限的措施。

渔业规则

总结:这是最有争议的领域之一,因为之前对于英国渔场控制权的争议成为英国希望脱离欧盟的象征。

英国渔船将在未来5年内分阶段获得欧盟在英国水域捕捞份额的25%,价值1.46亿英镑(约合1.98亿美元)。英国最初的谈判要求份额为80%,这方面英国也作出了巨大让步。

双方确定了五年半过渡期,在此期间,双方渔船进入对方水域作业的权利不变。

海关

总结:双方承诺限制海关的“繁文缛节”,包括通过可信任贸易商项目,即所谓的“授权经济运营者”(授权经济运营者享有的优惠待遇包括受到更少管制)。

英国表示,双方还可能采取“定制”措施,包括在英国的多佛和霍利黑德等“滚装船”港口展开合作,同时欧盟提到了对于葡萄酒、有机物、汽车、药品和化学品的“出入境便利安排”。

英国在1月1日退出欧洲单一市场,将导致双方海关出现更多官僚作风,无论双方能否达成自由贸易协定。该协议主要是促使欧盟和英国遵守国际惯例,以最大程度减少企业的海关成本。

航空业与卡车运输

总结:英国政府表示,欧盟尚未授予对英国航空航天设计和产品的自动认可。

文件称,这种认可将仅限于轻微的改动,直到欧盟“对英国对设计认证的监督能力产生信心”。

在卡车运输方面:双方承诺“对公路运输业者尤其是穿越英国与欧盟边境的运输企业,提供良好和高效的签证管理与边境安排”,并“适当为卡车司机入境和居留提供方便”。

数据流通

总结:该协议中包含了维持欧盟与英国之间的数据流通的临时解决方案,直到欧盟做出有关数据充分性的决定为止。

该过渡期从新协议生效日期开始不超过六个月,或者在欧盟做出数据充分性决定时结束。预计欧盟会在2021年年初做出决定。

文件称,在过渡期内传输到英国的个人数据,“不应视为欧盟法律规定的向第三方国家传输”,并且英国必须暂停其数据传输机制。

如果英国在过渡期内采用新传输工具向第三方国家传输数据,英国应该“在合理范围内”告知欧盟。

双方承诺遵守高水平的数据保护标准,并承诺保证“跨境数据流通,在数字经济背景下促进交易”,不对存储或处理数据的地点设定限制。

能源

总结:英国无法参与欧盟的内部能源市场。这种结果不出所料,但在2022年4月之前,双方将确定新的安排,以确保英国和欧盟之间巨大的电缆组成的互联电网能够顺利、高效地进行交易。

英国是电力净输入国,其8%的电力来自欧洲大陆。作为一个岛国,保证互联电网上的交易效率,对于英国至关重要。

英国公布的文件称,交易顺利进行将“有利于英国消费者,并且可以根据国内的净零排放承诺,帮助实现可再生能源和其他清洁技术并网发电”。

该协议中包括对能源供应安全的保证。

英国不再是欧盟排放交易体系的一员,但双方都同意未来在碳定价方面展开合作,并且“考虑连接双方的系统”。

协议的摘要称,如果任何一方违反对2015年《巴黎气候协定》的承诺,双方的协议将中止。

专业服务

总结:该协议意味着双方之间不再有专业资格自动互认。

协议称:“医生、护士、牙科医生、药剂师、兽医、工程师或建筑师等拟在任何欧盟成员国执业,其从业资格必须在该成员国得到承认。”

这是英国的损失。英国曾经希望能“全面覆盖”,以确保受监管服务不会面临“不必要的”障碍。

但该协议确定了未来从业资格互认的框架。

商务旅行

总结:英国和欧盟同意短期商务访客不需要持有工作许可,也不需要接受经济需求测试。

“管理人员和专家”可停留不超过3年,实习生可停留不超过1年。协议称,前往对方境内成立公司的人员在任何六个月期限内可以停留最长90天。

税务

总结:英国政府表示:“协议中没有任何条款限制我们的国内税务制度或税率。”双方承诺“在税收透明度方面遵守全球标准,打击逃税漏税。”

农业

总结:双方之间的零关税、零配额条款将有利于农产品贸易。然而,在入境时可能会有新要求,会增加运输商的成本和障碍。

零关税:欧盟总结称,取消征税对农业和渔业“尤其重要”,因为根据世界贸易组织的规定,部分肉类和乳制品的税率最高达到40%。

额外检查:“英国农产品必须有健康证明,并且需要在成员国边境检查站接受卫生和植物检疫检查。

双方未来将执行各自的卫生标准。

执法

总结:该协议将允许英国和欧盟在执法方面开展合作,尤其是参与恐怖主义和严重犯罪调查,包括交换DNA、指纹和航空乘客信息等。

英国和欧盟的执法部门将展开合作,但英国将失去欧洲刑警组织(Europol)和欧洲检察官组织(Eurojust)的成员资格。

引渡:英国表示在引渡方面与欧盟合作,将与欧盟和挪威以及冰岛之间的合作模式类似,“但除了欧洲逮捕令以外,将为个人额外提供恰当的安全保护措施。”

对于任何逮捕令,“不得以犯罪行为可能被执行国视为政治犯罪、涉及政治犯罪或出于政治动机的犯罪行为而拒绝执行”。

如果无法引渡,“在每一个案件中依旧有实现正义的途径”,例如要求欧盟国家对案件提起诉讼等。(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

英国首相鲍里斯•约翰逊签署的英国脱欧后贸易协议不同寻常的地方在于,与英国作为欧盟成员国的时候相比,企业将要面临更多贸易壁垒。

但这就是拿回主权的代价。虽然鲍里斯宣称他拿回了对英国国内捕鱼水域的控制权,并且终结了欧洲法院(European Court of Justice)对英国的管辖权,但企业和消费者在12月31日之后将面临更多贸易壁垒。

本文根据彭博社获取的协议副本和欧盟与英国提供的条款摘要,总结了英国脱欧后贸易协议的主要内容。

商品贸易

总结:该协议确保欧盟和英国之间交易的大部分商品不会面临新关税或配额。然而,英国出口商需要面对一系列新的监管障碍,这将增加英国企业在欧洲经商的成本和负担。

市场准入:英国和欧盟商品将继续享有免关税、免配额待遇。

原产地规则:新规则要求英国自行证明其出口到欧盟的产品的原产地。如果商品中含有较高比例的欧盟和英国以外的原料,可能将被加征关税。

健康与安全:欧盟将要求英国农产品出口商提供健康证明,并在海关检查站接受卫生和植物检疫检查。

检测与认证:双方没有互认协议,意味着英国监管机构无法认证在欧盟销售的产品,这可能成为重要的贸易壁垒。

贸易救济:欧盟和英国可能根据世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)的规定征收关税和执行其他制裁措施。

金融服务

总结:该协议没有对金融企业做出明确的说明。双方没有决定所谓的“等效性”制度,即并没有就允许伦敦的金融企业向单一市场出售服务达成一致。该协议中只有有关金融服务的标准条款,这意味着其中并不包含对市场准入的承诺。

英国和欧盟将讨论如何推进具体的等效性决定。负责审批欧盟市场准入的欧盟委员会(European Commission)表示需要英方提供更多信息,但目前尚没有做出更多等效性决定的计划。

监管合作:双方发表联合声明,表示将支持加强在金融监管领域的合作。双方希望在3月之前达成一份谅解备忘录。

公平竞争环境

总结:双方承诺严格执行环境、社会、劳动和税务透明标准,确保不会相互削弱。

该协议中并不包含要求英国必须与欧盟同步加强其市场规则的棘轮机制。

相反,协议中包含了一种再平衡机制:如果双方之间的分歧过大,任何一方可以征收关税。协议称:“这些措施将根据解决相关情况的需要,按照比例严格限制其范围和持续时间。”这些措施还需要接受一个独立专家委员会仲裁,而不是由欧洲法院仲裁。

双方不得提供无限制的国际担保,用于偿还企业的债务。根据欧盟法律规定,英国不得对濒临倒闭但没有重组计划的企业进行救助,而且对濒临倒闭的银行只能以帮助其清盘为目的进行最低限度的救助。

英国和欧盟还需要披露其提供的补贴。

争端解决

总结:欧盟和英国可以协商解决因该协议产生的争端,欧盟法院将不在其中扮演任何角色。

仲裁委员会可能对某些领域做出裁决,并且可以命令一方解决问题或提供赔偿。

如果一方没有遵守仲裁结果,对方可以“暂停履行义务”,这意味着中止部分市场准入或合作。

如果面临“严重的经济、社会或环境难题”,任何一方可以采取有时限的措施。

渔业规则

总结:这是最有争议的领域之一,因为之前对于英国渔场控制权的争议成为英国希望脱离欧盟的象征。

英国渔船将在未来5年内分阶段获得欧盟在英国水域捕捞份额的25%,价值1.46亿英镑(约合1.98亿美元)。英国最初的谈判要求份额为80%,这方面英国也作出了巨大让步。

双方确定了五年半过渡期,在此期间,双方渔船进入对方水域作业的权利不变。

海关

总结:双方承诺限制海关的“繁文缛节”,包括通过可信任贸易商项目,即所谓的“授权经济运营者”(授权经济运营者享有的优惠待遇包括受到更少管制)。

英国表示,双方还可能采取“定制”措施,包括在英国的多佛和霍利黑德等“滚装船”港口展开合作,同时欧盟提到了对于葡萄酒、有机物、汽车、药品和化学品的“出入境便利安排”。

英国在1月1日退出欧洲单一市场,将导致双方海关出现更多官僚作风,无论双方能否达成自由贸易协定。该协议主要是促使欧盟和英国遵守国际惯例,以最大程度减少企业的海关成本。

航空业与卡车运输

总结:英国政府表示,欧盟尚未授予对英国航空航天设计和产品的自动认可。

文件称,这种认可将仅限于轻微的改动,直到欧盟“对英国对设计认证的监督能力产生信心”。

在卡车运输方面:双方承诺“对公路运输业者尤其是穿越英国与欧盟边境的运输企业,提供良好和高效的签证管理与边境安排”,并“适当为卡车司机入境和居留提供方便”。

数据流通

总结:该协议中包含了维持欧盟与英国之间的数据流通的临时解决方案,直到欧盟做出有关数据充分性的决定为止。

该过渡期从新协议生效日期开始不超过六个月,或者在欧盟做出数据充分性决定时结束。预计欧盟会在2021年年初做出决定。

文件称,在过渡期内传输到英国的个人数据,“不应视为欧盟法律规定的向第三方国家传输”,并且英国必须暂停其数据传输机制。

如果英国在过渡期内采用新传输工具向第三方国家传输数据,英国应该“在合理范围内”告知欧盟。

双方承诺遵守高水平的数据保护标准,并承诺保证“跨境数据流通,在数字经济背景下促进交易”,不对存储或处理数据的地点设定限制。

能源

总结:英国无法参与欧盟的内部能源市场。这种结果不出所料,但在2022年4月之前,双方将确定新的安排,以确保英国和欧盟之间巨大的电缆组成的互联电网能够顺利、高效地进行交易。

英国是电力净输入国,其8%的电力来自欧洲大陆。作为一个岛国,保证互联电网上的交易效率,对于英国至关重要。

英国公布的文件称,交易顺利进行将“有利于英国消费者,并且可以根据国内的净零排放承诺,帮助实现可再生能源和其他清洁技术并网发电”。

该协议中包括对能源供应安全的保证。

英国不再是欧盟排放交易体系的一员,但双方都同意未来在碳定价方面展开合作,并且“考虑连接双方的系统”。

协议的摘要称,如果任何一方违反对2015年《巴黎气候协定》的承诺,双方的协议将中止。

专业服务

总结:该协议意味着双方之间不再有专业资格自动互认。

协议称:“医生、护士、牙科医生、药剂师、兽医、工程师或建筑师等拟在任何欧盟成员国执业,其从业资格必须在该成员国得到承认。”

这是英国的损失。英国曾经希望能“全面覆盖”,以确保受监管服务不会面临“不必要的”障碍。

但该协议确定了未来从业资格互认的框架。

商务旅行

总结:英国和欧盟同意短期商务访客不需要持有工作许可,也不需要接受经济需求测试。

“管理人员和专家”可停留不超过3年,实习生可停留不超过1年。协议称,前往对方境内成立公司的人员在任何六个月期限内可以停留最长90天。

税务

总结:英国政府表示:“协议中没有任何条款限制我们的国内税务制度或税率。”双方承诺“在税收透明度方面遵守全球标准,打击逃税漏税。”

农业

总结:双方之间的零关税、零配额条款将有利于农产品贸易。然而,在入境时可能会有新要求,会增加运输商的成本和障碍。

零关税:欧盟总结称,取消征税对农业和渔业“尤其重要”,因为根据世界贸易组织的规定,部分肉类和乳制品的税率最高达到40%。

额外检查:“英国农产品必须有健康证明,并且需要在成员国边境检查站接受卫生和植物检疫检查。

双方未来将执行各自的卫生标准。

执法

总结:该协议将允许英国和欧盟在执法方面开展合作,尤其是参与恐怖主义和严重犯罪调查,包括交换DNA、指纹和航空乘客信息等。

英国和欧盟的执法部门将展开合作,但英国将失去欧洲刑警组织(Europol)和欧洲检察官组织(Eurojust)的成员资格。

引渡:英国表示在引渡方面与欧盟合作,将与欧盟和挪威以及冰岛之间的合作模式类似,“但除了欧洲逮捕令以外,将为个人额外提供恰当的安全保护措施。”

对于任何逮捕令,“不得以犯罪行为可能被执行国视为政治犯罪、涉及政治犯罪或出于政治动机的犯罪行为而拒绝执行”。

如果无法引渡,“在每一个案件中依旧有实现正义的途径”,例如要求欧盟国家对案件提起诉讼等。(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

U.K. Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s post-Brexit trade deal is unique in that it will leave businesses facing more barriers to trade than they did while Britain was a member of the European Union.

But that’s the price of reclaiming sovereignty. While he can claim to have taken back control of Britain’s domestic fishing waters and ended the role of the European Court of Justice, businesses and consumers will face a slew of additional barriers to trade after Dec. 31.

The following encapsulates the main points of the deal, based on a copy of the deal obtained by Bloomberg, as well as summaries provided by the two sides.

Trade in Goods

Summary: The agreement ensures that most goods traded between the EU and U.K. won’t face new tariffs or quotas. However, British exporters will face an array of new regulatory hurdles that will make it more costly and burdensome to do business in Europe.

Market access: U.K. and EU goods will continue to receive tariff-free and quota-free treatment.

Rules of origin: New rules require the U.K. to self-certify the origin of its exports to the EU. Certain products that contain a high threshold of inputs from outside the EU and U.K. may face new tariffs.

Health and safety: The EU will require U.K. agri-food exporters to provide health certificates and undergo sanitary and phyto-sanitary controls at border inspection posts.

Testing and certification: The absence of a mutual recognition agreement means U.K. regulatory bodies won’t be able to certify products for sale in the EU, a potentially big barrier to trade.

Trade remedies: The EU and U.K. may pursue tariffs and other sanctions according to rules established at the World Trade Organization.

Financial services

Summary: The deal offers little clarity for financial firms. There is no decision on so-called equivalence, which would allow firms to sell their services into the single market from the City of London. The agreement only features standard provisions on financial services, meaning it doesn’t include commitments on market access.

The U.K. and EU will discuss how to move forward on specific equivalence decisions. The European Commission, which is in charge of allowing access to the EU’s market, said it needs more information from the U.K. and it doesn’t plan to adopt any more equivalence decisions at this point.

Regulatory cooperation: The two sides made a joint declaration to support enhanced cooperation on financial oversight. They aim to agree on a Memorandum of Understanding by March.

Level playing field

Summary: Both sides committed to upholding their environmental, social, labor and tax transparency standards to make sure they don’t undercut each other.

The deal doesn’t include a ratchet mechanism that would force the U.K. to stiffen its rule in lockstep with the EU.

Instead, it has a re-balancing mechanism: Either side will be able to impose with tariffs if they diverge too much. “Such measures shall be restricted with respect to their scope and duration to what is strictly necessary and proportionate in order to remedy the situation,” according to the agreement. They will also be subject to arbitration by an independent panel -- not the European Court of Justice.

Both sides will be prevented from giving an unlimited state guarantee to cover a company’s debts or liabilities. In line with EU law, the U.K. won’t be able to rescue a failing firm without a restructuring plan, and any aid to failing banks will have to be the minimum necessary to help it wind down.

The U.K. and the EU will have to disclose the subsidies they award.

Dispute settlement

Summary: Disputes on the deal must be negotiated between the EU and the U.K. with no role for the EU courts.

An arbitration panel may rule on some areas and can order one side to resolve the problem or offer compensation.

Failure to do so allows the other side to “suspend obligations” which could mean blocking some access or cooperation.

If there’s a “serious economic, societal or environmental difficulty,” either side can react with time-limited measures.

Fishing rules

Summary: This was one of the most contentious areas after disputes over the control of British fishing grounds came to symbolize the country’s desire to leave the EU.

U.K. fleets will take 25% of the current EU catch in British waters, worth 146 million pounds ($198 million), phased in over five years. Britain’s opening negotiating position called for an 80% increase, so this represents a significant compromise.

There is a transition period of five-and-a-half years during which reciprocal access rights to each other’s waters remain unchanged.

Customs

Summary: Both sides pledge to limit customs red tape, including through programs for trusted traders known as Authorized Economic Operators (AEOs have benefits including fewer controls).

“Bespoke” measures including cooperation at “roll-on roll-off” ports such as Dover and Holyhead in Britain are also foreseen, according to the U.K., while the EU refers to specific “facilitation arrangements” for wine, organics, automotive, pharmaceuticals and chemicals.

The U.K. exit from the European single market on Jan. 1 was going to lead to more customs bureaucracy for both sides regardless of whether they reached a free-trade deal or not. The accord largely commits the EU and Britain to follow international practices aimed at minimizing customs costs for businesses.

Aviation and trucking

Summary: The EU has stopped short of granting automatic recognition to British aerospace designs and products, according to the U.K. government.

Such recognition will be confined to minor changes until the EU “gains confidence in the U.K.’s capability for overseeing design certification,” the document says.

On trucking: Both sides commit to “good and efficient management of visa and border arrangements for road hauliers, in particular across the U.K.-Union border” and to “appropriately facilitate the entry and stay of” truckers.

Data flows

Summary: The deal includes a temporary solution to keep data flowing between the EU and U.K. until the bloc has adopted a data adequacy decision.

This bridge period starts on the date the new deal takes effect and will last a maximum six months, or end as soon as the EU’s data adequacy decision has been finalized, which is expected to happen in early 2021.

Personal data shipped to the U.K. during this interim period “shall not be considered as transfer to a third country” under EU law, the document says, adding that the U.K. has to suspend its own transfer mechanism.

If the U.K. applies a new transfer tool to ship data to a third country during the interim period, it should “as far as is reasonably possible” inform the EU.

Both sides committed to upholding high levels of data protection standards and to ensure “cross-border data flows to facilitate trade in the digital economy” without imposing limits on where data can be stored or processed.

Energy

Summary: The U.K. won’t have access to the EU’s internal energy market. This was expected but there will be new arrangements in place by April 2022 to make sure that trading is smooth and efficient on interconnectors -- huge power cables that run between the U.K. and Europe.

The U.K. is a net importer of electricity and gets 8% of its power from the continent. As an island nation, making sure trading across these interconnectors is efficient is important to Britain.

Making trading smooth will “benefit U.K. consumers and help integrate renewables and other clean technologies onto the grid in line with our domestic commitment to net zero emissions” the U.K. document says.

The deal includes guarantees on security of energy supply.

The U.K. is no longer part of the EU’s emissions trading system but both sides agreed to cooperate on carbon pricing in future and “consider linking their respective systems.”

The U.K.-EU agreement would be suspended if either side breaches their commitments to the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate, according to the summaries.

Professional services

Summary: The deal means that there will no longer be automatic mutual recognition of professional qualifications.

“Doctors, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, vets, engineers or architects must have their qualifications recognized in each member state they wish to practice in,” according to the deal.

This is a loss for the U.K., which had wanted “comprehensive coverage” to ensure there were no “unnecessary” barriers to regulated services.

However, the deal does create a framework for the recognition of qualifications in future.

Business travel

Summary: The U.K. and EU agreed that short-term business visitors won’t need to hold work permits or undergo economic needs tests.

“Managers and specialists” will be allowed to stay for up to three years and trainees for up to a year. People visiting to set up businesses will be permitted to remain for as long as 90 days in any six-month period, according to the deal.

Taxation

Summary: “There are no provisions constraining our domestic tax regime or tax rates,” according to the U.K. government. Both sides pledged to “uphold global standards on tax transparency and fighting tax avoidance.”

Agriculture

Summary: Trade of farm goods will benefit from the zero-tariff, zero-quota terms between the two sides. However, there will be new requirements at the border, adding costs and hurdles for shippers.

No tariffs: The lack of levies is “especially important“ for the agriculture and fishing sector, as some meat and dairy products would have faced taxes topping 40% under WTO terms, the EU’s summary said.

Extra checks: “U.K. agri-food consignments will have to have health certificates and undergo sanitary and phyto-sanitary controls at Member States’ border inspection posts.

Both sides will be able to maintain their own sanitary standards going forward.

Law enforcement

Summary: The deal will allow cooperation between the U.K. and EU, particularly as part of investigations into terrorism and serious crime, including with the exchange of DNA, fingerprint and airline passenger information.

There will be cooperation between U.K. and EU law-enforcement agencies, but the U.K. loses membership in Europol and Eurojust.

Extradition: The U.K. said there will similar cooperation on extraditions to that between the EU and Norway and Iceland, “but with appropriate further safeguards for individuals beyond those in the European Arrest Warrant.”

An arrest warrant “may not be refused on the grounds that the offense may be regarded by the executing State as a political offense, as an offense connected with a political offense or as an offense inspired by political motives.”

Where extradition isn’t possible, there will still be “a path to justice in every case” such as requiring EU countries to refer cases to prosecution.

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