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有关加密货币的一个大胆想法,可能会赢得诺贝尔奖

有关加密货币的一个大胆想法,可能会赢得诺贝尔奖

ROBERT HACKETT 2020-12-20
该计划的核心在于促进全球教育和经济增长。

美国银行监管机构负责人布莱恩•布鲁克斯提出了一个想法,有助于缩小发展中国家和发达国家之间的财富差距。他称之为“国家货币”。

这一听起来很笼统的计划缺少吸引人的亮点,但其实质内容弥补了这一不足。美国代理货币监理长布鲁克斯称,该计划的核心在于促进全球教育和经济增长。他说,文化程度越高,“国内生产总值”也就越高,因此鼓励人们继续接受教育可以提高生产力,提升个人福祉,并促进社会繁荣。

尽管学术文献已经详细阐述了这种由穷变富的原则,但其实际执行仍然相对滞后。(只要问问世界银行的经济学家就知道了。)但布鲁克斯提出的特殊激励机制可能会使人们为之疯狂。最合理的诱因是什么?他说,是加密货币代币。

根据该计划,世界各国政府将用所谓的国家货币奖励继续接受教育的人们。学生可在完成在线课程并通过考试后获取货币。这些货币实质上代表了对国家设立的“信托基金”的债权;接受者有权用这些货币抵免今后的部分支出,这也是GDP增长所带来的部分税收增长。

说明:人们受教育程度越高,国家、赚取国家货币的学生以及投资者将会变得越富有。加密货币不只让那些完成学业后在就业市场获得高薪的人受益,而是让所有人受益。

布鲁克斯说:“这种方法可以增加资产并促进经济增长,但不会增加税收,也不会使富人与穷人相互对立。”

赢得诺贝尔奖很容易?

布鲁克斯在12月9日举办的新加坡金融科技节上首次提出了这个想法。布鲁克斯大力称赞该计划,他说:“请相信我,这可能会赢得下一届诺贝尔奖。这是个伟大的想法。”他认为该计划的潜在影响不亚于孟加拉国格莱珉银行(Grameen Bank)创始人穆罕默德•尤努斯的影响,后者率先通过小额贷款融资缓解贫困,从而赢得了1996年诺贝尔和平奖。

布鲁克斯指出,阿富汗、东南亚和拉丁美洲可能是受国家货币影响最大的地区,因而是最适合推行国家货币的地区。他说:“没有技术支持就无法马上实施。”

布鲁克斯继续说到,监管机构需要做的是“认识到这是一种相对无足轻重、非干预主义、无人反对的政策方法,让所有人共同富裕起来,这正是发展中国家所期望的。”

布鲁克斯的公共事务副监理长布莱恩•哈伯德分享了他的团队计划发布的一份报告的独家预览,该报告详细描述了国家货币计划。布鲁克斯与美国最大的加密货币交易所Coinbase的两位前同事共同撰写了该报告,布鲁克斯曾担任Coinbase的首席法律官。

报告称,“事实上,在美国这些货币会成为准股权,因为它代表对未来现金流增长的预测。”该报告的共同撰稿人包括Coinbase信托风险办公室主任赫敏•王和Coinbase全球业务发展和“稳定币”( 一种旨在维持一致价值的加密货币)高级顾问艾米•M•罗。

这篇“国家货币”报告有一个流程图,描述了将教育与世界各地的资产结合起来可能产生的经济“飞轮效应”。

实际上,这意味着哥伦比亚学生可以使用手机参加虚拟课程,并从国家财政部获得哥伦比亚货币作为补偿。如果这些货币在支付时每枚价值10美元,那么赚100枚货币将立即产生1,000美元。假设哥伦比亚的GDP和税基随时间增加,那么货币的价格预计也会随之上涨,接受货币补偿的学生就能赚取更多。

该报告指出,“接受教育的学生越多,货币的价值就越高,随着越来越多的学生参加教育课程,对货币的需求(及其价值)也会随之增加,这就形成了一个称为飞轮效应的良性循环。”摘要称,该计划“以非传统税收政策的方式”解决了社会经济不平等问题。

全民基本收入说明

这一想法可以看作是一种全民基本收入,但有一些意外之喜。

国家货币不是给纳税公民分配一定数量的钱,而是奖励那些学识最高的人。毕竟,正是他们在直接改善着国家健康、国民生活、促进社会稳定和提高GDP。

选哪一门学科不重要;研究人工智能编程还是后现代文学理论没有什么区别。布鲁克斯说:“哲学教授对GDP增长的影响不亚于软件工程师。这种方法的好处在于,就业市场仍然可以区别对待每个人,但每个人都能创造国家财富。我们是一个整体。”

一些国家已经开始以不同形式试行全民基本收入。巴西、肯尼亚、瑞士和芬兰以及阿拉斯加州和加利福尼亚州等美国各州已经开展了一些试验。前民主党总统候选人安德鲁•杨将这一想法加入其竞选纲领后,这一想法在美国更受关注。加密货币的提出也是出于此种目的。

(加密)货币监理长

自今年早些时候加入货币监理署(Office of the Comptroller of the Currency)以来,布鲁克斯一直在进行改组。任职期间,他授予了金融科技初创公司更多银行特许权,大力支持加密货币创新,推动实施一项政治上有争议的“公平准入”银行服务规则。

民主党进步派的一些成员批评布鲁克斯在加密货币产业上投入了太多的时间和精力。相比之下,他在监管方面的做法赢得了私营部门的赞誉,包括明确说明允许银行持有以稳定币为抵押的存款。

抵押贷款巨头房利美(Fannie Mae)前总法律顾问布鲁克斯,于五月接受特朗普总统临时任命,目前正等待参加确认听证会。获得批准后,他将担任美国银行监管机构负责人,任期可能为五年。即使布鲁克斯的任命获得批准,当选总统乔•拜登也可能,事实上,很可能会罢免布鲁克斯,而是任命一位由其自己挑选的更严谨的、可能对企业不太友好的监管机构负责人。

布鲁克斯说:“金融可以成为一股力量,推动世界实现真正变革、变得真正美好。从发展中国家向发达国家迈进的国家创造一种免许可国家货币,是当今金融界最重大的想法之一。”(财富中文网)

译者:郝秀

审校:汪皓

美国银行监管机构负责人布莱恩•布鲁克斯提出了一个想法,有助于缩小发展中国家和发达国家之间的财富差距。他称之为“国家货币”。

这一听起来很笼统的计划缺少吸引人的亮点,但其实质内容弥补了这一不足。美国代理货币监理长布鲁克斯称,该计划的核心在于促进全球教育和经济增长。他说,文化程度越高,“国内生产总值”也就越高,因此鼓励人们继续接受教育可以提高生产力,提升个人福祉,并促进社会繁荣。

尽管学术文献已经详细阐述了这种由穷变富的原则,但其实际执行仍然相对滞后。(只要问问世界银行的经济学家就知道了。)但布鲁克斯提出的特殊激励机制可能会使人们为之疯狂。最合理的诱因是什么?他说,是加密货币代币。

根据该计划,世界各国政府将用所谓的国家货币奖励继续接受教育的人们。学生可在完成在线课程并通过考试后获取货币。这些货币实质上代表了对国家设立的“信托基金”的债权;接受者有权用这些货币抵免今后的部分支出,这也是GDP增长所带来的部分税收增长。

说明:人们受教育程度越高,国家、赚取国家货币的学生以及投资者将会变得越富有。加密货币不只让那些完成学业后在就业市场获得高薪的人受益,而是让所有人受益。

布鲁克斯说:“这种方法可以增加资产并促进经济增长,但不会增加税收,也不会使富人与穷人相互对立。”

赢得诺贝尔奖很容易?

布鲁克斯在12月9日举办的新加坡金融科技节上首次提出了这个想法。布鲁克斯大力称赞该计划,他说:“请相信我,这可能会赢得下一届诺贝尔奖。这是个伟大的想法。”他认为该计划的潜在影响不亚于孟加拉国格莱珉银行(Grameen Bank)创始人穆罕默德•尤努斯的影响,后者率先通过小额贷款融资缓解贫困,从而赢得了1996年诺贝尔和平奖。

布鲁克斯指出,阿富汗、东南亚和拉丁美洲可能是受国家货币影响最大的地区,因而是最适合推行国家货币的地区。他说:“没有技术支持就无法马上实施。”

布鲁克斯继续说到,监管机构需要做的是“认识到这是一种相对无足轻重、非干预主义、无人反对的政策方法,让所有人共同富裕起来,这正是发展中国家所期望的。”

布鲁克斯的公共事务副监理长布莱恩•哈伯德分享了他的团队计划发布的一份报告的独家预览,该报告详细描述了国家货币计划。布鲁克斯与美国最大的加密货币交易所Coinbase的两位前同事共同撰写了该报告,布鲁克斯曾担任Coinbase的首席法律官。

报告称,“事实上,在美国这些货币会成为准股权,因为它代表对未来现金流增长的预测。”该报告的共同撰稿人包括Coinbase信托风险办公室主任赫敏•王和Coinbase全球业务发展和“稳定币”( 一种旨在维持一致价值的加密货币)高级顾问艾米•M•罗。

这篇“国家货币”报告有一个流程图,描述了将教育与世界各地的资产结合起来可能产生的经济“飞轮效应”。

实际上,这意味着哥伦比亚学生可以使用手机参加虚拟课程,并从国家财政部获得哥伦比亚货币作为补偿。如果这些货币在支付时每枚价值10美元,那么赚100枚货币将立即产生1,000美元。假设哥伦比亚的GDP和税基随时间增加,那么货币的价格预计也会随之上涨,接受货币补偿的学生就能赚取更多。

该报告指出,“接受教育的学生越多,货币的价值就越高,随着越来越多的学生参加教育课程,对货币的需求(及其价值)也会随之增加,这就形成了一个称为飞轮效应的良性循环。”摘要称,该计划“以非传统税收政策的方式”解决了社会经济不平等问题。

全民基本收入说明

这一想法可以看作是一种全民基本收入,但有一些意外之喜。

国家货币不是给纳税公民分配一定数量的钱,而是奖励那些学识最高的人。毕竟,正是他们在直接改善着国家健康、国民生活、促进社会稳定和提高GDP。

选哪一门学科不重要;研究人工智能编程还是后现代文学理论没有什么区别。布鲁克斯说:“哲学教授对GDP增长的影响不亚于软件工程师。这种方法的好处在于,就业市场仍然可以区别对待每个人,但每个人都能创造国家财富。我们是一个整体。”

一些国家已经开始以不同形式试行全民基本收入。巴西、肯尼亚、瑞士和芬兰以及阿拉斯加州和加利福尼亚州等美国各州已经开展了一些试验。前民主党总统候选人安德鲁•杨将这一想法加入其竞选纲领后,这一想法在美国更受关注。加密货币的提出也是出于此种目的。

(加密)货币监理长

自今年早些时候加入货币监理署(Office of the Comptroller of the Currency)以来,布鲁克斯一直在进行改组。任职期间,他授予了金融科技初创公司更多银行特许权,大力支持加密货币创新,推动实施一项政治上有争议的“公平准入”银行服务规则。

民主党进步派的一些成员批评布鲁克斯在加密货币产业上投入了太多的时间和精力。相比之下,他在监管方面的做法赢得了私营部门的赞誉,包括明确说明允许银行持有以稳定币为抵押的存款。

抵押贷款巨头房利美(Fannie Mae)前总法律顾问布鲁克斯,于五月接受特朗普总统临时任命,目前正等待参加确认听证会。获得批准后,他将担任美国银行监管机构负责人,任期可能为五年。即使布鲁克斯的任命获得批准,当选总统乔•拜登也可能,事实上,很可能会罢免布鲁克斯,而是任命一位由其自己挑选的更严谨的、可能对企业不太友好的监管机构负责人。

布鲁克斯说:“金融可以成为一股力量,推动世界实现真正变革、变得真正美好。从发展中国家向发达国家迈进的国家创造一种免许可国家货币,是当今金融界最重大的想法之一。”(财富中文网)

译者:郝秀

审校:汪皓

Brian Brooks, America’s top banking regulator, has an idea to help close the wealth gap between the developing and developed world. He calls the concept “country coin.”

What the generic-sounding proposal lacks in catchy branding it makes up for in substance. The crux of the plan is to promote education and economic growth worldwide, says Brooks, the U.S. Acting Comptroller of the Currency. Since higher literacy rates correlate to higher “gross domestic product,” then incentivizing people to continue their schooling could boost productivity, individual well-being, and societal prosperity, he says.

Such rags-to-riches principles are well established in the academic literature, even if their implementation lags in practice. (Just ask the World Bank’s economists.) But it’s the nature of Brooks’ particular incentive system that might strike people as zany. The ideal inducement? Cryptocurrency tokens, he says.

Under the plan, world governments would reward people with so-called country coins for continued learning. A student earns coins by completing online courses and passing tests. The coins would essentially represent claims on a “trust fund” set up by the state; they would entitle recipients to future payouts representing a share of the rising tax revenue generated by increased GDP.

Translation: As people get more education, nations, country coin–earning students, and investors get richer together. The cryptocurrency ensures everyone benefits, rather than just people who land good salaries in the job market after finishing their studies.

“This is a way of increasing equity and increasing growth without raising taxes and without pitting the rich against the poor,” Brooks says.

Nobel no-brainer?

Brooks debuted the idea at the Singapore Fintech Festival on Dec. 9. Not shy about his own high opinion of the plan, Brooks said, “I'm telling you this should be the next Nobel Prize. It's a big idea.” He compared the proposal's potential impact to that had by Muhammad Yunus, founder of Bangladesh’s Grameen Bank, whose pioneering work on alleviating poverty through microloan financing won him a Nobel Peace Prize in 1996.

Brooks pointed to Afghanistan, Southeast Asia, and Latin America as being among the ripest places where country coin could have the largest impact. “There's no technological reason this couldn't happen right away,” he said.

What’s needed is for regulators “to recognize this as a relatively lightweight, noninterventionist, non-us-against-them policy approach to letting everyone get richer together, which is what the developing world ought to want," Brooks continued.

Bryan Hubbard, Brooks’ deputy comptroller for public affairs, shared an exclusive preview of a report his team plans to release that describes the country coin proposal in detail. Brooks coauthored the paper with two former colleagues at Coinbase, the biggest U.S. cryptocurrency exchange, where he was previously chief legal officer.

"In effect, the coins become a quasi equity stake in the country because it represents a prediction about the growth of future cash flows," says the paper, whose cowriters include Hermine Wong, Coinbase's chief of staff for trust and risk, and Amy M. Luo, Coinbase's senior counsel for global business development and "stablecoins," a type of cryptocurrency that is designed to maintain a consistent value.

A flowchart found in the "country coin" paper describing an economic "flywheel effect" that could result from tying education to equity around the world.

In practice, this means a Colombian student could take virtual courses using a cell phone and receive, as compensation, Colombia coins from the nation's finance ministry. If the coins are worth $10 apiece at the time of disbursement, then earning 100 coins would yield $1,000 right away. Assuming Colombia's GDP and tax base rise over time, then the price of the coins could be expected to rise too, earning more for the recipients.

"A virtuous flywheel cycle is created in which the more students learn, the more valuable the coins become, and demand for the coins (and thus their value) increases as more students take education courses," the paper says. The proposal addresses socioeconomic inequality “in a way traditional tax policy has not,” the abstract declares.

Universal basic instruction

The idea can be viewed as a kind of universal basic income—with a twist.

Instead of distributing a set amount of money to people simply for being taxpaying citizens, country coin would reward those people who study and learn the most. They are, after all, the very ones who are directly improving national outcomes in health, livelihood, social stability, and GDP.

The chosen discipline doesn’t matter; whether someone studies A.I. programming or postmodern literary theory makes little difference. “GDP growth is affected by the philosophy professors, no less than by the software engineers,” Brooks says. “The beauty of this approach is that the employment markets can still treat you differentially, but everybody shares in national wealth creation. We're all in it together.”

Some countries are already experimenting with forms of universal basic income. Tests have taken place in Brazil, Kenya, Switzerland, and Finland, as well as U.S. states such as Alaska and California. In the U.S., the idea gained more traction after former Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang adopted it as part of his campaign platform. Cryptocurrencies have been proposed for the purpose too.

Comptroller of the (Crypto-)currency

Brooks has been shaking up the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency since he joined earlier this year. Hallmarks of his tenure include granting more banking charters to financial tech, or fintech, startups, vocally supporting cryptocurrency innovation, and pushing for a politically controversial "fair access" to banking services rule.

Some members of the progressive wing of the Democratic Party have criticized Brooks for devoting, they say, too much time and attention to the cryptocurrency industry. In contrast, he has earned plaudits from the private sector for his regulatory approach, including by clarifying that banks are permitted to hold deposits backing stablecoins.

Brooks, a former general counsel of the mortgage giant Fannie Mae, is awaiting a confirmation hearing for a possible five-year term as the country’s top bank regulator after his appointment by President Trump to the interim role in May. If Brooks gets confirmed, President-elect Joe Biden could—and, indeed, very well might—remove him from the role to install a stricter, potentially less business-friendly regulator of his own choosing.

“Finance can be a force for real change and real good in the world,” Brooks says. “Creating a permission-less country coin in countries that are on growth trajectories from developing to developed status is one of the biggest ideas in finance today.”

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