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企业破产激增,美国经济冲击何时休?

企业破产激增,美国经济冲击何时休?

Geoff Colvin 2020-11-28
商业萧条将给小企业带来尤为严重的冲击,受此影响的不仅仅只有企业主,整个经济亦会受到拖累。

如果你觉得破产到目前为止只是疫情期间的一场灾祸,那你就错了,破产现象将大幅激增。

商业萧条将给小企业带来尤为严重的冲击,受此影响的不仅仅只有企业主,美国经济整体亦会受到拖累,因为财务窘境的激增可能会让整个破产系统不堪重负。最终,这个程序可能会变得十分混乱,原本可以存活的企业破产了,而那些本应破产的企业却处于假活状态。

这一令人担忧的前景源于哈佛商学院罗宾•格林伍德、杨百翰大学马里奥商学院本杰明•艾弗森以及麻省理工大学斯隆管理学院大卫•泽斯马联合开展的新研究。

他们的发现令人感到异常惊讶,首当其冲的就是到目前为止疫情期间的破产现状。作者们发现,尽管出现了大量引人注目的破产申请,尤其是零售领域,例如彭尼百货、Neiman Marcus、J. Crew和Brooks Brothers等,但8月份破产总数“实际上与去年同期相比下降了1%”。事实在于,大型公司更有可能在2020年前8个月申请破产,而小企业在此期间申请破产的可能性较小。可能是因为它们还有一些来自于《薪酬保护计划》的资金支持。还有一种情况,就像杰弗瑞在给客户的纪要中猜测的那样,很多小企业已经窘迫得连破产律师都请不起了。

不管是哪种情况,研究人员认为这个数字都将激增。他们写道:“我们预计破产总数在今年的增幅将高达140%。无论以什么指标来衡量,企业必然将面临更严峻的财务危机。”

在经济学家看来,破产并非完全就是坏事。当遭遇经济萧条时,一些企业必然会遇到困难,破产程序能够帮助其弄清楚哪些业务能够获得第二次机会,哪些应该破产清算。尽管这一过程十分痛苦,但随之而来的资本和劳动力再分配有助于经济的重建。

疫情危机的可怕之处在于,破产程序可能会出现紊乱的情况。研究人员发现,造成这一现象的部分原因在于,“在当前经济衰退期间,小企业的资产负债情况受冲击最为严重”,而这一点本身就是一个问题,因为小企业重组的概率几乎为零。它们不会与债主协商如何解决问题,而是大多选择关门大吉。小企业获得第二次机会的可能性不大,因为其最有价值的资产,例如企业家的专长,无法用于说服投资者。

研究人员发现,令这一情况更加糟糕的是,破产领域的法官和律师可能会被“一大波因财务危机而申请破产的企业弄得焦头烂额”。“我们预测,即将到来的破产潮可能会让法官的案件处理数量出现158%的同比增幅,远超2009-2010年的案件处理数量。”当整个系统承受巨大压力时,资源就会出现误配的情形。例如,当Circuit City于2008-2009年的金融危机期间申请破产时,法院下令公司借贷11亿美元来维持运营。然而,公司已然行将就木,两个月后,Circuit City宣布进行清算。更广泛地讲,如果案件过多,法官和律师更容易出错,而且案件的判决时间也会拉长,小企业更有可能得不到法院的受理,“致使很多小企业在没有法院保护的情况下进行破产清算。”

为了解决这些问题,政府也出台了很多政策。然而,这些补救措施能否得到及时采纳以及是否能够改善小企业的命运,我们不得而知。其他研究人员预计,让50-250名左右的前任破产法官重操旧业可能会对解决这一问题提供很大的帮助。

更重要的一点在于,即便新疫苗最终能够为疫情画上句号,但上百万的小企业能否熬过这段时间还是个问题。这项新研究的作者们提到,能够挺过这段时间的小企业越少,那么我们经历“经济恐慌”的时间就会越长。研究得出的强有力结论也给即将上任的拜登政府提了个醒:“政策应专注于小企业。”(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

如果你觉得破产到目前为止只是疫情期间的一场灾祸,那你就错了,破产现象将大幅激增。

商业萧条将给小企业带来尤为严重的冲击,受此影响的不仅仅只有企业主,美国经济整体亦会受到拖累,因为财务窘境的激增可能会让整个破产系统不堪重负。最终,这个程序可能会变得十分混乱,原本可以存活的企业破产了,而那些本应破产的企业却处于假活状态。

这一令人担忧的前景源于哈佛商学院罗宾•格林伍德、杨百翰大学马里奥商学院本杰明•艾弗森以及麻省理工大学斯隆管理学院大卫•泽斯马联合开展的新研究。

他们的发现令人感到异常惊讶,首当其冲的就是到目前为止疫情期间的破产现状。作者们发现,尽管出现了大量引人注目的破产申请,尤其是零售领域,例如彭尼百货、Neiman Marcus、J. Crew和Brooks Brothers等,但8月份破产总数“实际上与去年同期相比下降了1%”。事实在于,大型公司更有可能在2020年前8个月申请破产,而小企业在此期间申请破产的可能性较小。可能是因为它们还有一些来自于《薪酬保护计划》的资金支持。还有一种情况,就像杰弗瑞在给客户的纪要中猜测的那样,很多小企业已经窘迫得连破产律师都请不起了。

不管是哪种情况,研究人员认为这个数字都将激增。他们写道:“我们预计破产总数在今年的增幅将高达140%。无论以什么指标来衡量,企业必然将面临更严峻的财务危机。”

在经济学家看来,破产并非完全就是坏事。当遭遇经济萧条时,一些企业必然会遇到困难,破产程序能够帮助其弄清楚哪些业务能够获得第二次机会,哪些应该破产清算。尽管这一过程十分痛苦,但随之而来的资本和劳动力再分配有助于经济的重建。

疫情危机的可怕之处在于,破产程序可能会出现紊乱的情况。研究人员发现,造成这一现象的部分原因在于,“在当前经济衰退期间,小企业的资产负债情况受冲击最为严重”,而这一点本身就是一个问题,因为小企业重组的概率几乎为零。它们不会与债主协商如何解决问题,而是大多选择关门大吉。小企业获得第二次机会的可能性不大,因为其最有价值的资产,例如企业家的专长,无法用于说服投资者。

研究人员发现,令这一情况更加糟糕的是,破产领域的法官和律师可能会被“一大波因财务危机而申请破产的企业弄得焦头烂额”。“我们预测,即将到来的破产潮可能会让法官的案件处理数量出现158%的同比增幅,远超2009-2010年的案件处理数量。”当整个系统承受巨大压力时,资源就会出现误配的情形。例如,当Circuit City于2008-2009年的金融危机期间申请破产时,法院下令公司借贷11亿美元来维持运营。然而,公司已然行将就木,两个月后,Circuit City宣布进行清算。更广泛地讲,如果案件过多,法官和律师更容易出错,而且案件的判决时间也会拉长,小企业更有可能得不到法院的受理,“致使很多小企业在没有法院保护的情况下进行破产清算。”

为了解决这些问题,政府也出台了很多政策。然而,这些补救措施能否得到及时采纳以及是否能够改善小企业的命运,我们不得而知。其他研究人员预计,让50-250名左右的前任破产法官重操旧业可能会对解决这一问题提供很大的帮助。

更重要的一点在于,即便新疫苗最终能够为疫情画上句号,但上百万的小企业能否熬过这段时间还是个问题。这项新研究的作者们提到,能够挺过这段时间的小企业越少,那么我们经历“经济恐慌”的时间就会越长。研究得出的强有力结论也给即将上任的拜登政府提了个醒:“政策应专注于小企业。”(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

If you think bankruptcies have been a scourge in the pandemic so far, brace yourself—they’re set to rise dramatically.

The business busts will strike small firms disproportionately, which is bad news for more than just the business owners. It’s bad for the whole economy, because the surge of financial pain may overwhelm the bankruptcy system. As a result, the process could become chaotic, with viable businesses killed and doomed ones kept artificially alive. A major part of the problem: There are not enough bankruptcy judges.

That worrisome outlook emerges from new research by Robin Greenwood of the Harvard Business School, Benjamin Iverson of Brigham Young University’s Marriott School of Business, and David Thesmar of the MIT Sloan School of Management.

Their findings are full of surprises, starting with the reality of bankruptcies in the pandemic so far. Despite a parade of high-profile Chapter 11 filings, especially in retail—J.C. Penney, Neiman Marcus, J. Crew, Brooks Brothers—overall bankruptcies through August were “actually 1% lower than in the same timeframe in 2019,” the authors report. It’s no illusion that big companies were more likely to file during the first eight months of 2020, but small businesses were much less likely to file. Maybe that’s because they still had some Paycheck Protection Program funds. Or maybe, as a Jeffries note to clients hypothesized, it’s because many small businesses were so strapped they couldn’t afford to hire a bankruptcy lawyer.

In any case, the researchers argue that the numbers have to rocket. “We expect overall bankruptcies to increase by as much as 140% in the current year,” they write. “By all metrics, corporate financial distress is set to increase.”

Economists don’t see bankruptcies as necessarily bad. When tough times strike, some businesses inevitably will struggle; the bankruptcy process helps sort out which should be given a second chance and which should be liquidated. The resulting reallocation of capital and labor, painful as it may be, helps to rebuild the economy.

The danger in the pandemic crisis is that the process may not work as it should. That’s partly because “the balance sheets of small firms are hit the hardest by the current recession,” the researchers find, which is a problem because “small firms restructure very rarely.” Instead of working things out with their creditors, they mostly just fail. They’re less likely to get a second chance because some of their most valuable assets, such as the entrepreneur’s know-how, can’t be pledged to investors.

Making matters worse, judges and lawyers in the bankruptcy field may be “overwhelmed by the large wave of financial distress,” the researchers find. “We predict that the coming surge of bankruptcies could increase the judge caseload by 158% from 2019 levels, well beyond the caseloads seen in 2009-2010.” When the system is stressed, resources get misallocated. For example, when Circuit City filed for bankruptcy during the 2008-2009 financial crisis, the court authorized the company to borrow $1.1 billion in order to keep it alive. But it was a zombie; two months later, Circuit City announced it would liquidate. More broadly, judges and lawyers make more mistakes when courts are overwhelmed, cases take longer, and smaller businesses are more likely to be dismissed, “leaving many of them to liquidate without court protection.”

Many policy prescriptions have been advanced to fix these problems, though whether any fixes could be adopted in time to improve the fate of small businesses is far from clear. Other researchers estimate that just bringing back 50 to 250 former bankruptcy judges would be a significant help.

The larger point is that even as new vaccines promise to end the pandemic eventually, thousands or millions of small businesses have to get from here to there. The authors of the new research show that the fewer small businesses that make it, the more long-lasting “economic scarring” we’ll suffer. Their strongest conclusion serves as a message to the incoming Biden administration: “Policy should focus on smaller firms.”

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