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德国和俄罗斯天然气管道项目生变,美国渔翁得利?

德国和俄罗斯天然气管道项目生变,美国渔翁得利?

David Meyer 2020-09-12
从目前的形势来看,项目遭到否决的可能性确实比以前增加不少。

2020年8月22日,柏林,德国军队急救人员将俄罗斯反对派领袖阿列克谢·纳瓦尔尼所在的小型隔离装置装进救护车,随后送往查理特医院。图片来源:MAJA HITIJ—GETTY IMAGES

多亏克里姆林宫,美国总统特朗普可能很快得偿所愿。

即将完工的北溪2号项目将俄罗斯天然气穿过波罗的海输送到德国,美国一直对该项目大肆抨击。现在,随着俄罗斯反对派领袖阿列克谢·纳瓦尔尼中毒事件曝光,德国总理安格拉·默克尔越发有压力取消110亿美元的项目。

默克尔第一次暗示称,改变长期以来支持“北溪2号”的态度。一旦如此,最受益的一方很可能是美国。

下面简要说明为何北溪2号如此重要,以及为什么美国如此盼着项目失败。

“完全由俄罗斯控制”

北溪2号是俄罗斯至德国现有天然气传输系统的扩展,没错,已有系统叫北溪。2012年北溪项目完工。北溪2号主要与现有北溪系统并行,完工后每年传输能力将翻一番,达到1100亿立方米。

2018年,德国批准了终点在德国东北部城市卢布明的规划许可后,北溪2号开工建设。

没过多久,特朗普就表示很愤怒。“德国完全由俄罗斯控制。”2018年年中他与北约高层会晤时宣称。特朗普还将此事与他经常宣称希望北约国家(除了美国)增加国防开支联系起来。“我们应该防止成员受到俄罗斯的伤害,如今德国却向俄罗斯支付数十亿美元,我认为非常不合适。”他抱怨道。

关键问题在于德国在全球带头转型可再生能源,德国国内称之为能源转型。核能和煤炭正在逐步淘汰,取而代之的是风能和太阳能,但转型需要时间,期间需要一些能源必须填补空白期。

9月8日,《明镜》(Der Spiegel)采访了梅克伦堡-前波莫瑞邦的社民党总理曼努埃拉·施维希格,清晰勾勒出这一两难局面。

施维希格说:“梅克伦堡-前波莫瑞邦通过风力发电已经完全满足电力需求,但德国是8000多万人的工业国家,至少在过渡时期,我们需要天然气,确保德国能源供应安全。”

她还指出:“如果不从俄罗斯买天然气,另一种选择是从美国买压裂技术天然气,从生态角度来看,从美国买并非合理选择,而且成本也更高。”

正如特朗普在今年年初所说,(在新冠肺炎疫情和油价暴跌威胁到美国页岩气生存之前):“现在美国可以充分供应天然气,欧洲盟友再也不必受到不友好的能源供应商的伤害……我们敦促欧洲盟友选择美国的供应,真正实现能源安全。”

批评声音越来越多

美国批评北溪2号并非只停留在口头。2019年初美国驻德国大使理查德·格雷内尔发出警告后,12月美国正式威胁称将对协助修建输油管道的公司实施制裁。

铺设管道的瑞士承包商Allseas立即暂停工程,导致工程完工时间推迟了6%。

俄罗斯国有能源巨头俄罗斯天然气公司作出应对,让自有铺管船Akademik Cherskiy号接手,不过系统交接尚未恢复。后续工作也受到了美国威胁。上个月,美国共和党参议员特德·克鲁兹、汤姆·科顿和罗恩·约翰逊写信给位于德国附近的穆克兰港的运营商,警告不要为接手铺设输油管道的俄罗斯船只提供服务。

但迄今为止,默克尔一直坚定支持北溪2号,不仅美国,其他邻国也纷纷批评。

德国东部邻国,尤其是波兰一直批评该项目,主要因为担心本国能源安全受到威胁。

就在上个月,波兰反垄断局对俄罗斯天然气公司处以5900万美元罚款,原因是在调查管道建设期间不够配合。除俄罗斯天然气公司外,该项目还得到奥地利OMV、德国Uniper和Wintershall、法国Engie和英荷壳牌的支持。

中欧国家不喜欢北溪2号可能给俄罗斯带来的影响力,法国也因为同样的原因而感到紧张。

德国也有不少人反对北溪2号。反对者之一是德国联邦议院外交委员会的鹰派主席诺伯特·罗特根,他也是明年默克尔本届任期结束时的接替候选人之一。然而,就连罗特根也因为美国对此事的咄咄逼人而感到犹豫,去年他曾经表示,如果真因为此事而遭到制裁将沉重打击“像他一样的跨大西洋主义者”。

“俄罗斯在挑拨德国跟东边邻国、德国跟欧盟,以及德国和美国之间的关系。”11个月前,罗特根抱怨说。

然后发生了纳瓦尔尼事件

上个月,随着纳瓦尔尼中毒事件曝光,争议形势出现了变化。

反腐斗士纳瓦尔尼在俄罗斯国内航班上倒下。团队成员称,他喝过的茶里可能加了毒药。经过一番抗争,莫斯科允许他被空运到柏林的查理特医院接受治疗。医生诊断为,纳瓦尔尼中了诺维乔克之毒而死,诺维乔克是已经被禁止的神经毒剂,2018年俄罗斯的异见者谢尔盖·斯克里帕尔在伦敦差点遭毒害时使用的也是该毒。

诺维乔克是苏联研发的毒剂,简直像俄罗斯情报部门的代言。因此,9月2日默克尔谴责称“俄罗斯一位主要反对派成员遭毒杀未遂”,并表示“问题非常严重,只有俄罗斯政府能回答,而且必须回答”。

迄今为止,俄罗斯拒绝配合德国对纳瓦尔尼中毒事件进行调查,克里姆林宫也否认与此事有关。

罗特根迅速采取行动,9月4日他表示,德国要用普京总统唯一理解的“语言”讨论“硬核政治”,“直接谈天然气销售。”

默克尔和罗特根所在的基督教民主联盟(CDU)党魁安妮格雷特·克拉姆普·卡伦鲍尔表示赞同:“我一直说,不是很赞同北溪2号项目。”卫生部部长延斯·施潘也表示:“经济问题的重要性肯定比不上外交和安全政策利益。”

9月6日,外交部部长海科·马斯也加入争论,警告称可能对俄罗斯实施制裁。随后,他放下一句话,多数人都认为是在威胁管道项目:“希望俄罗斯人不会逼我们改变在北溪2号上的立场。”

这句话与默克尔对该项目一再重申的立场并不相符。上周她刚刚表示,北溪2号项目应该与纳瓦尔尼案“脱钩”。

不过在9月7日,总理的发言人表示,“与外交部长的声明态度一致”。而且她认为,既然俄罗斯不愿意协助调查,德国对纳瓦尔尼案采取的行动从一开始就排除某些因素是错误之举。

可以肯定的是,如果默克尔对北溪2号项目态度翻转肯定要付出代价。基督教民主联盟的分支联盟伙伴社民党仍然支持项目,因此可能影响到双方协议的稳定(不过应该指出的是,海科·马斯是社民党党员)。

否决项目还有个风险,即可能有人认为德国迫于美国的压力低头。正如9月8日社民党的施维希格在接受采访时指出,“从哪里买能源以及怎么买,应该由德国自主决定。”

但从目前的形势来看,项目遭到否决的可能性确实比以前增加不少。(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

多亏克里姆林宫,美国总统特朗普可能很快得偿所愿。

即将完工的北溪2号项目将俄罗斯天然气穿过波罗的海输送到德国,美国一直对该项目大肆抨击。现在,随着俄罗斯反对派领袖阿列克谢·纳瓦尔尼中毒事件曝光,德国总理安格拉·默克尔越发有压力取消110亿美元的项目。

默克尔第一次暗示称,改变长期以来支持“北溪2号”的态度。一旦如此,最受益的一方很可能是美国。

下面简要说明为何北溪2号如此重要,以及为什么美国如此盼着项目失败。

“完全由俄罗斯控制”

北溪2号是俄罗斯至德国现有天然气传输系统的扩展,没错,已有系统叫北溪。2012年北溪项目完工。北溪2号主要与现有北溪系统并行,完工后每年传输能力将翻一番,达到1100亿立方米。

2018年,德国批准了终点在德国东北部城市卢布明的规划许可后,北溪2号开工建设。

没过多久,特朗普就表示很愤怒。“德国完全由俄罗斯控制。”2018年年中他与北约高层会晤时宣称。特朗普还将此事与他经常宣称希望北约国家(除了美国)增加国防开支联系起来。“我们应该防止成员受到俄罗斯的伤害,如今德国却向俄罗斯支付数十亿美元,我认为非常不合适。”他抱怨道。

关键问题在于德国在全球带头转型可再生能源,德国国内称之为能源转型。核能和煤炭正在逐步淘汰,取而代之的是风能和太阳能,但转型需要时间,期间需要一些能源必须填补空白期。

9月8日,《明镜》(Der Spiegel)采访了梅克伦堡-前波莫瑞邦的社民党总理曼努埃拉·施维希格,清晰勾勒出这一两难局面。

施维希格说:“梅克伦堡-前波莫瑞邦通过风力发电已经完全满足电力需求,但德国是8000多万人的工业国家,至少在过渡时期,我们需要天然气,确保德国能源供应安全。”

她还指出:“如果不从俄罗斯买天然气,另一种选择是从美国买压裂技术天然气,从生态角度来看,从美国买并非合理选择,而且成本也更高。”

正如特朗普在今年年初所说,(在新冠肺炎疫情和油价暴跌威胁到美国页岩气生存之前):“现在美国可以充分供应天然气,欧洲盟友再也不必受到不友好的能源供应商的伤害……我们敦促欧洲盟友选择美国的供应,真正实现能源安全。”

批评声音越来越多

美国批评北溪2号并非只停留在口头。2019年初美国驻德国大使理查德·格雷内尔发出警告后,12月美国正式威胁称将对协助修建输油管道的公司实施制裁。

铺设管道的瑞士承包商Allseas立即暂停工程,导致工程完工时间推迟了6%。

俄罗斯国有能源巨头俄罗斯天然气公司作出应对,让自有铺管船Akademik Cherskiy号接手,不过系统交接尚未恢复。后续工作也受到了美国威胁。上个月,美国共和党参议员特德·克鲁兹、汤姆·科顿和罗恩·约翰逊写信给位于德国附近的穆克兰港的运营商,警告不要为接手铺设输油管道的俄罗斯船只提供服务。

但迄今为止,默克尔一直坚定支持北溪2号,不仅美国,其他邻国也纷纷批评。

德国东部邻国,尤其是波兰一直批评该项目,主要因为担心本国能源安全受到威胁。

就在上个月,波兰反垄断局对俄罗斯天然气公司处以5900万美元罚款,原因是在调查管道建设期间不够配合。除俄罗斯天然气公司外,该项目还得到奥地利OMV、德国Uniper和Wintershall、法国Engie和英荷壳牌的支持。

中欧国家不喜欢北溪2号可能给俄罗斯带来的影响力,法国也因为同样的原因而感到紧张。

德国也有不少人反对北溪2号。反对者之一是德国联邦议院外交委员会的鹰派主席诺伯特·罗特根,他也是明年默克尔本届任期结束时的接替候选人之一。然而,就连罗特根也因为美国对此事的咄咄逼人而感到犹豫,去年他曾经表示,如果真因为此事而遭到制裁将沉重打击“像他一样的跨大西洋主义者”。

“俄罗斯在挑拨德国跟东边邻国、德国跟欧盟,以及德国和美国之间的关系。”11个月前,罗特根抱怨说。

然后发生了纳瓦尔尼事件

上个月,随着纳瓦尔尼中毒事件曝光,争议形势出现了变化。

反腐斗士纳瓦尔尼在俄罗斯国内航班上倒下。团队成员称,他喝过的茶里可能加了毒药。经过一番抗争,莫斯科允许他被空运到柏林的查理特医院接受治疗。医生诊断为,纳瓦尔尼中了诺维乔克之毒而死,诺维乔克是已经被禁止的神经毒剂,2018年俄罗斯的异见者谢尔盖·斯克里帕尔在伦敦差点遭毒害时使用的也是该毒。

诺维乔克是苏联研发的毒剂,简直像俄罗斯情报部门的代言。因此,9月2日默克尔谴责称“俄罗斯一位主要反对派成员遭毒杀未遂”,并表示“问题非常严重,只有俄罗斯政府能回答,而且必须回答”。

迄今为止,俄罗斯拒绝配合德国对纳瓦尔尼中毒事件进行调查,克里姆林宫也否认与此事有关。

罗特根迅速采取行动,9月4日他表示,德国要用普京总统唯一理解的“语言”讨论“硬核政治”,“直接谈天然气销售。”

默克尔和罗特根所在的基督教民主联盟(CDU)党魁安妮格雷特·克拉姆普·卡伦鲍尔表示赞同:“我一直说,不是很赞同北溪2号项目。”卫生部部长延斯·施潘也表示:“经济问题的重要性肯定比不上外交和安全政策利益。”

9月6日,外交部部长海科·马斯也加入争论,警告称可能对俄罗斯实施制裁。随后,他放下一句话,多数人都认为是在威胁管道项目:“希望俄罗斯人不会逼我们改变在北溪2号上的立场。”

这句话与默克尔对该项目一再重申的立场并不相符。上周她刚刚表示,北溪2号项目应该与纳瓦尔尼案“脱钩”。

不过在9月7日,总理的发言人表示,“与外交部长的声明态度一致”。而且她认为,既然俄罗斯不愿意协助调查,德国对纳瓦尔尼案采取的行动从一开始就排除某些因素是错误之举。

可以肯定的是,如果默克尔对北溪2号项目态度翻转肯定要付出代价。基督教民主联盟的分支联盟伙伴社民党仍然支持项目,因此可能影响到双方协议的稳定(不过应该指出的是,海科·马斯是社民党党员)。

否决项目还有个风险,即可能有人认为德国迫于美国的压力低头。正如9月8日社民党的施维希格在接受采访时指出,“从哪里买能源以及怎么买,应该由德国自主决定。”

但从目前的形势来看,项目遭到否决的可能性确实比以前增加不少。(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

Thanks to the Kremlin, U.S. President Donald Trump may soon see one of his dearest wishes come true.

Nord Stream 2, a nearly completed project that would pipe natural gas from Russia under the Baltic Sea to Germany, has thus far withstood major diplomatic assaults from the United States. But now, with the poisoning of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny, there is growing pressure on German Chancellor Angela Merkel to kill the $11 billion scheme.

If Merkel does reverse her long-standing support for Nord Stream 2, as she has for the first time hinted she might do, the beneficiary would likely be the U.S.

Here’s a rundown of why Nord Stream 2 matters so much, and why the U.S. is so keen to see it fail.

‘Totally controlled by Russia’

Nord Stream 2 represents the expansion of an existing Russia-to-Germany gas system called—you guessed it—Nord Stream. The original system was completed in 2012. Nord Stream 2, running mostly in parallel to the existing Nord Stream system, would double its annual capacity to 110 billion cubic meters.

Construction on Nord Stream 2 began in 2018, after Germany granted planning permission for its end point in the northeastern German town of Lubmin.

It did not take long for Trump to express outrage. “Germany is totally controlled by Russia,” he declared during a mid-2018 meeting with NATO top brass. The President tied the matter to his often-stated desire for NATO countries other than the U.S. to step up their defense spending. “So we’re supposed to protect you against Russia, and you pay billions of dollars to Russia, and I think that’s very inappropriate,” he griped.

The key issue here is Germany’s world-leading transition to renewable energy, known locally as the Energiewende. Nuclear and coal are being phased out in favor of wind and solar, but the transition will take time, and in the meantime some energy source has to fill the gap.

The dilemma was outlined crisply in a September 8 Der Spiegel interview with Manuela Schwesig, the Social Democratic (SPD) state premier of Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania, the state where Nord Stream 2 will come ashore.

“Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania already covers its electricity needs entirely from wind power and so on, but Germany is an industrial nation with over 80 million inhabitants,” Schwesig said. “We need, at least for the transition period, natural gas to ensure a secure energy supply in Germany.

“If we don’t get the gas from Russia, the alternative is fracking-derived gas from the U.S.,” she noted. “This is certainly the worse alternative from an ecological standpoint, and more expensive too.”

As Trump put it at the start of this year (before COVID-19 and the oil-price crash threatened the viability of U.S. shale): “With an abundance of American natural gas now available, our European allies no longer have to be vulnerable to unfriendly energy suppliers either…We urge our friends in Europe to use America’s vast supply and achieve true energy security.”

Growing criticism

The U.S. put muscle behind its criticisms of Nord Stream 2. Following an early-2019 warning from then–American Ambassador to Germany Richard Grenell, Washington followed through in December by formally threatening to impose sanctions on any company aiding the construction of the pipeline.

Allseas, the Swiss-owned contractor that was laying the pipeline, immediately suspended its work, leaving the project 6% shy of completion.

Gazprom, the Russian state-owned energy giant that is behind Nord Stream 2, responded by bringing in its own pipe-laying ship, the Akademik Cherskiy, though work on the system is still yet to resume. And this work is also being threatened by the U.S. Last month, U.S. Republican Senators Ted Cruz, Tom Cotton, and Ron Johnson wrote to the operators of Germany’s nearby Mukran port, warning them not to service Russian vessels that are trying to complete the pipeline.

But Merkel has so far backed Nord Stream 2 very firmly, despite criticism not only from the U.S., but also from closer to home.

Germany’s eastern neighbors, particularly Poland, have long criticized the scheme because they fear their own energy security is at stake.

Just last month, the Polish antitrust authority fined Gazprom—the state-owned Russian energy firm that owns Nord Stream 2—$59 million for its lack of cooperation in an investigation into the pipeline’s construction. Apart from Gazprom, the project is also backed by Austria’s OMV, Germany’s Uniper and Wintershall, France’s Engie, and the Anglo-Dutch Shell.

Central European countries don’t like the leverage Nord Stream 2 might give Moscow, and France is nervous about the same potential problem.

Many in Germany also oppose Nord Stream 2. A notable critic is Norbert Röttgen, the hawkish chair of the Bundestag’s foreign affairs committee, and one of the candidates to replace Merkel at the end of her current term next year. However, even Röttgen balked at the aggression of the U.S. over the matter, saying last year that sanctions would be “a heavy blow to trans-Atlanticists” such as himself.

“Russia is driving a wedge between Germany and its eastern neighbors, between Germany and the E.U., and between Germany and the United States,” Röttgen complained 11 months ago.

Then came Navalny

The calculus of the controversy shifted last month, with the poisoning of Navalny.

The anti-corruption crusader was taken ill on a domestic Russian flight. His team claimed he had ingested poison, probably through some tea he had drunk. After some resistance, Moscow allowed him to be flown to Berlin’s Charité hospital for treatment. At the Charité, doctors concluded that Navalny had been poisoned with Novichok, a banned nerve agent that had also been used in the attempted murder of Russian dissident Sergei Skripal in the U.K. in 2018.

Novichok was a Soviet weapon, making it something of a calling card of the Russian intelligence services. So September 2 Merkel decried the “attempted murder by poison of one of Russia’s leading opposition members” and said there were “very serious questions now that only the Russian government can answer, and must answer.”

Thus far, Russia has refused to cooperate with Germany’s investigation of the Navalny affair, with the Kremlin denying any involvement.

Röttgen was quick to spring into action, saying on September 4 that Germany has to engage in “hard politics” by speaking in the “only language” President Vladimir Putin understands: “That is gas sales.”

Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, the head of Merkel and Röttgen's Christian Democratic Union (CDU) party, also weighed in with this: “I’ve always said that Nord Stream 2 is not a project close to my heart.” And here’s Jens Spahn, the health minister: “There’s no economic issue that would be more important to us than our foreign and security policy interests.”

Foreign Minister Heiko Maas jumped into the fray on September 6, warning of possible sanctions on Russia. Then he dropped what most interpret as a threat against the pipeline project: “I hope that the Russians will not force us to change our position on Nord Stream 2.”

That hint was at odds with Merkel’s repeatedly stated position on the project; indeed, she said just last week that Nord Stream 2 should be “decoupled” from the Navalny case.

But on September 7, the Chancellor’s spokesman said she “aligned herself with the foreign minister’s statement,” and she believes “that it’s wrong to rule something out from the start” in Germany’s potential action over the Navalny case, given Russia’s unwillingness to help the investigation.

To be sure, a Merkel U-turn on Nord Stream 2 would come at a cost. The CDU’s junior coalition partner, the SPD, still backs the project, so the stability of their pact could be threatened (though it should be noted that Maas is a member of the SPD).

There’s also a risk that, by pulling out, Germany could be seen as bowing to U.S. pressure. As the SPD’s Schwesig said in her September 8 interview, “Germany must be able to decide for itself from where and how it gets its energy.”

But a potential reversal now looks far more likely than it did before.

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