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这个非洲国家又小又穷,但为何防疫比发达国家更成功?

这个非洲国家又小又穷,但为何防疫比发达国家更成功?

David Z. Morris 2020-07-13
该国官员认为,成功的关键在于其以社区为中心的卫生体系。

对许多西方人来说,提到“卢旺达”或许会勾起25年前可怕动乱的记忆。然而今天,卢旺达已经成为卫生领域的创新先锋,在此次新冠疫情中表现突出。在疫情控制方面,卢旺达的努力击败了看起来更发达的国家,包括美国。

根据非营利组织健康伙伴基金会(Partners in Health)的数据,在疫情发生的第一个月,卢旺达的新冠肺炎确诊病例从2例增加到134例。就在同一时期,曾经在卢旺达殖民的比利时确诊病例从2例增加到7400例,而两国人口总量相当。到6月底,由于爆发了几起聚集性疫情,卢旺达的确诊人数增加到582例。纽约市人口数约为卢旺达的四分之三,而且在美国算得上抗击疫情成功的典范之一,当时每天仍然有数百个新增病例。

卢旺达的前卫生部部长、现哈佛医学院高级讲师阿尼斯•比纳格瓦霍表示,成功的关键在于其以社区为中心的卫生体系。

上周三,在《财富》杂志举办的线上健康头脑风暴大会上,她对疫苗倡导者赛斯•伯克利表示:“卢旺达优先发展去中心化的医疗系统。”具体做法为派遣社区卫生工作者前往全国各地。比纳格瓦霍说,卫生体系也注重吸收教育工作者和执法人员等不同领域的人协同工作,推进实现卫生目标。

美国的做法与之形成鲜明对比。希拉•戴维斯是健康伙伴基金会的首席执行官,该组织致力于将医疗服务覆盖到全球贫困的人口群体。她说:“过去几十年中,美国在社区卫生和公共卫生方面的投入大幅减少。所以美国无法像卢旺达一样提供社区卫生福利。”

可能让有些美国人尤为沮丧的是,卢旺达民众极为信任卫生系统和卫生当局。根据2019年度的一份报告,卢旺达民众对本国诊所和医院的信任度达到全世界最高,并且非常重视疫苗接种。而美国对佩戴口罩等预防性举措一直不乏怀疑和否定的声音。

最重要的是,戴维斯认为美国不该过度依赖医院作为医疗的焦点,而应该像卢旺达一样让医疗工作者贴近服务的社区。疫情期间,卢旺达提供戴维斯称之为“积极检测”的服务,搭建设施将疑似感染者与家人隔离,并为隔离人员提供食物。

尽管卢旺达在疫情中因为使用无人机和其他技术而得到一些关注,但戴维斯认为技术运用是次要的。她说:“创新并不是技术,卢旺达的做法更多是人性关怀和社会支持领域的创新。”(财富中文网)

译者:Feb

对许多西方人来说,提到“卢旺达”或许会勾起25年前可怕动乱的记忆。然而今天,卢旺达已经成为卫生领域的创新先锋,在此次新冠疫情中表现突出。在疫情控制方面,卢旺达的努力击败了看起来更发达的国家,包括美国。

根据非营利组织健康伙伴基金会(Partners in Health)的数据,在疫情发生的第一个月,卢旺达的新冠肺炎确诊病例从2例增加到134例。就在同一时期,曾经在卢旺达殖民的比利时确诊病例从2例增加到7400例,而两国人口总量相当。到6月底,由于爆发了几起聚集性疫情,卢旺达的确诊人数增加到582例。纽约市人口数约为卢旺达的四分之三,而且在美国算得上抗击疫情成功的典范之一,当时每天仍然有数百个新增病例。

卢旺达的前卫生部部长、现哈佛医学院高级讲师阿尼斯•比纳格瓦霍表示,成功的关键在于其以社区为中心的卫生体系。

上周三,在《财富》杂志举办的线上健康头脑风暴大会上,她对疫苗倡导者赛斯•伯克利表示:“卢旺达优先发展去中心化的医疗系统。”具体做法为派遣社区卫生工作者前往全国各地。比纳格瓦霍说,卫生体系也注重吸收教育工作者和执法人员等不同领域的人协同工作,推进实现卫生目标。

美国的做法与之形成鲜明对比。希拉•戴维斯是健康伙伴基金会的首席执行官,该组织致力于将医疗服务覆盖到全球贫困的人口群体。她说:“过去几十年中,美国在社区卫生和公共卫生方面的投入大幅减少。所以美国无法像卢旺达一样提供社区卫生福利。”

可能让有些美国人尤为沮丧的是,卢旺达民众极为信任卫生系统和卫生当局。根据2019年度的一份报告,卢旺达民众对本国诊所和医院的信任度达到全世界最高,并且非常重视疫苗接种。而美国对佩戴口罩等预防性举措一直不乏怀疑和否定的声音。

最重要的是,戴维斯认为美国不该过度依赖医院作为医疗的焦点,而应该像卢旺达一样让医疗工作者贴近服务的社区。疫情期间,卢旺达提供戴维斯称之为“积极检测”的服务,搭建设施将疑似感染者与家人隔离,并为隔离人员提供食物。

尽管卢旺达在疫情中因为使用无人机和其他技术而得到一些关注,但戴维斯认为技术运用是次要的。她说:“创新并不是技术,卢旺达的做法更多是人性关怀和社会支持领域的创新。”(财富中文网)

译者:Feb

For many in the West, the name Rwanda may still carry memories of that country’s horrific upheavals of a quarter-century ago and tap broader Western biases against Africa. But today the country is a leading innovator on health. That includes the ongoing fight against the coronavirus: Rwanda's efforts to control the pandemic have trounced those of ostensibly more advanced countries, including the United States.

In its first month of fighting the virus, Rwanda saw coronavirus cases grow from two to 134, according to the nonprofit Partners in Health. During the same period, Belgium—Rwanda’s former colonizer, which has a similar population—went from two cases to 7,400. By the end of June, a handful of outbreak clusters pushed Rwanda’s total reported infections to 582. New York City, with about three-quarters of Rwanda’s population and arguably one of America's coronavirus success stories, is still seeing nearly 300 new cases each day.

According to Agnes Binagwaho, Rwanda’s former health minister and now a senior lecturer at Harvard Medical School, the success comes down to a health care system focused on communities.

“Rwanda has prioritized a decentralized health care system,” she told vaccination advocate Seth Berkley at Fortune’s Brainstorm Health virtual conference on last Wednesday. That has meant distributing community health workers across the country. The system, Binagwaho said, also works to get buy-in from everyone, from educators to law enforcement, to help in advancing health goals.

The U.S. stands in contrast to that approach. “[U.S.] investment in community health and public health has really been decimated in the last few decades,” said Sheila Davis, CEO of Partners in Health, which focuses on expanding medical services for the world’s poorest people. “So we don’t have the benefits of a community health system like they have in Rwanda.”

One outcome that may be particularly frustrating to some Americans is Rwandans' deep trust in their health care system and health authorities. According to a 2019 report, Rwandans have the world's highest level of trust in clinics and hospitals, and place high importance on vaccinations. The U.S., meanwhile, has been a hotbed of distrust and denialism toward precautions as basic as cloth masks.

Most of all, Davis faulted U.S. reliance on hospitals as a focal point of health care, in contrast to Rwanda's approach of putting health workers closer to the communities they serve. That has included providing what Davis called “aggressive testing” during the pandemic, and setting up facilities to let possible coronavirus carriers isolate away from their families, including providing food for quarantiners.

Though Rwanda has gotten some attention for its use of drones and other technology in the pandemic, Davis thinks that’s secondary. “The innovation is not a technology. It’s more the innovation of human caring and providing social support.”

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