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美股与现实脱钩?高估值或将成为新常态

美股与现实脱钩?高估值或将成为新常态

Shawn Tully 2020-06-09
市场达到了今天的高估值,并且仍有继续增长的空间。

图片来源:GettyImages

如果你是冷静、理性的投资者,你会相信推动股价波动的是收益,而不是动量的大幅变化。那么对于当前股市的现象级反弹,你肯定会得出一个符合逻辑的结论:股市与现实脱节。

事实上,认为当前股价飙涨但最终会回落的观点,可能才是正确的。但还有一种很小的可能性,即股市将会进入超高估值的新时代,并且不像以往的股市泡沫一样只维持一两年,而是会变成一种持续存在的新常态。原因是与股市争夺资金的无风险的美国国债的利率水平,在未来许多年内将远低于历史正常水平。

6月5日,标普500指数收于3194点,自3月跌入低谷以来上涨了43%,创下了史上最大的短期涨幅。目前,标普500指数比其去年接近历史最高点时只相差了1%。该指数上涨的原因似乎令人难以置信:你很难想象,利润的快速反弹,竟然足以间接支持股价。自2月以来,股价从虚高变成合理,又再次上涨。

新增就业令人意外的大幅增长,确实是好消息,让6月5日的美股上涨了2.7%。但最重要的是利润的变化趋势,只是虽然市场仍在继续狂欢,这方面却并没有好消息。2019年年底,标普公布过去四个季度的每股净收益为139.47美元,达到历史新高。在疫情导致的停工和混乱结束之后,股东要在此基础上获得可观的回报,利润需要达到什么水平?

投资者在当前的高点购买股票需要勇气,他们要承担巨大的风险,自然也希望获得丰厚的回报。我们保守一点,假设投资者期待的资本收益率为5%(包括股息收益率在内,总收益率只有6.8%)。在这种情况下,标普指数需要在2022年6月初(完全可以预测届时风暴已经结束)之前达到3522点。现在,我们需要为未来两年选择一个合理的市盈率,即投资者愿意为每一美元利润付出的代价。确定市盈率并不容易,因为过去几十年的市盈率倍数有很大差异。例如,1990年以来的市盈率中位数是21.8,远高于60年基准市盈率17.4。

本文选择了这两个数字的中间值20,它既高于长期市盈率,又低于近几年来极高的市盈率水平。将当前的标普指数除以市盈率20,得出实现预期价格需要达到的收益水平,这就是所谓的“Tully 20规则”。

根据Tully 20规则,市盈率达到20,在2022年年中之前每股收益需要达到176美元。这比2019年年底的每股收益上涨了26.3%。要达到这个水平,除非像小说《瑞普•凡•温克尔》里一样发生奇迹。你在2月睡去,不知道发生过新冠疫情,等你在2022年年中醒来时,发现每股收益在一年内增长了超过9%。你肯定会喜出望外,在知道新冠疫情之后也会目瞪口呆。

但现在收益的变化趋势却大相径庭。标普调查的分析师预测,今年年底,利润将降低34%至92美元。这些总是神采奕奕的预言家们预测2021年年底的利润只有146美元,距离市盈率达到20所需要的176美元仍相去甚远。事实上,如果华尔街今年的预测是正确的,从2021年年初到2022年6月初,利润需要在短短18个月内从92美元激增到176美元,才能实现估值高涨,达到对未来收益的预期。

清醒的分析师可以肯定地说,在2022年年中之前,利润不可能达到176美元,因为这个结果从数学上来讲是不可能实现的。不过还有一种更好的预测工具,它是罗伯特•席勒的周期调整后市盈率CAPE,该工具根据10年平均水平调整每股收益。一些有头脑的基金经理都将席勒的CAPE市盈率提高了7.5%至10%,用于预测正常利润水平。按照这个公式计算,今天的每股收益为120美元。

但让我们乐观地预测,利润将反弹到2019年第四季度的139美元。至少这样的结果比179美元更可信。在这种情况下,标普指数比今天上涨10%达到3572点,这是可行的。只要市盈率达到25.6(3572除以139美元)左右就能实现。这比20年平均水平提高了约18%,比1960年以来的正常水平提高了40%以上。

当然,投资者希望用股票收益率与无风险国债收益率之间的差额,抵消持有股票的风险。这个差额也就是股权风险溢价(ERP)。所以投资者期待的总收益是无风险收益率与股权风险溢价之和。在长期内对这种额外缓冲的合理预估是3.5个百分点。如果“实际”通胀调整后国债收益率为0.5%(这意味着10年期国债收益率为2%,通货膨胀率为1.5%),则ERP与实际收益率的和为4%。这是投资者预期的“实际”收益率。因此,他们每支付100美元的收益为4美元,市盈率为25(100美元股价除以4美元利润)。

现在看来,这样的结果是可行的,因为当前的10年期国债收益率为0.92%。这可以解释为什么市场会考虑到未来一两年的较高市盈率。但需要记住的是,现在属于非常时期,大量寻求避险投资的外国投资者涌入市场,降低了国债收益率。

近几年,实际收益率持续下降,可能始终远低于5%的长期平均水平。但如果美国经济增长速度不低于2%,实际收益率将很难低于这个水平,因为GDP增长与资本需求和实际收益率是密切相关的。

如果恰当的市盈率是20而不是25.5,现在股价已经出现虚高甚至被严重高估。如果2021年年中之前,每股收益恢复到139美元,标普指数将比今天的水平下降13%,降至2780点,这是乐观的预测。

总之,你可以创设一个投资情境,在这个情境中,市场达到了今天的高估值,并且仍有继续增长的空间。但这就像是看一部惊悚片一样,你想象不出主角如何逃出生天,但他总是能躲过枪林弹雨,最终成功逃脱获得胜利。这种情节只会发生在电影里。在股市里依旧不可能出现这样的情况。(财富中文网)

译者:Biz

如果你是冷静、理性的投资者,你会相信推动股价波动的是收益,而不是动量的大幅变化。那么对于当前股市的现象级反弹,你肯定会得出一个符合逻辑的结论:股市与现实脱节。

事实上,认为当前股价飙涨但最终会回落的观点,可能才是正确的。但还有一种很小的可能性,即股市将会进入超高估值的新时代,并且不像以往的股市泡沫一样只维持一两年,而是会变成一种持续存在的新常态。原因是与股市争夺资金的无风险的美国国债的利率水平,在未来许多年内将远低于历史正常水平。

6月5日,标普500指数收于3194点,自3月跌入低谷以来上涨了43%,创下了史上最大的短期涨幅。目前,标普500指数比其去年接近历史最高点时只相差了1%。该指数上涨的原因似乎令人难以置信:你很难想象,利润的快速反弹,竟然足以间接支持股价。自2月以来,股价从虚高变成合理,又再次上涨。

新增就业令人意外的大幅增长,确实是好消息,让6月5日的美股上涨了2.7%。但最重要的是利润的变化趋势,只是虽然市场仍在继续狂欢,这方面却并没有好消息。2019年年底,标普公布过去四个季度的每股净收益为139.47美元,达到历史新高。在疫情导致的停工和混乱结束之后,股东要在此基础上获得可观的回报,利润需要达到什么水平?

投资者在当前的高点购买股票需要勇气,他们要承担巨大的风险,自然也希望获得丰厚的回报。我们保守一点,假设投资者期待的资本收益率为5%(包括股息收益率在内,总收益率只有6.8%)。在这种情况下,标普指数需要在2022年6月初(完全可以预测届时风暴已经结束)之前达到3522点。现在,我们需要为未来两年选择一个合理的市盈率,即投资者愿意为每一美元利润付出的代价。确定市盈率并不容易,因为过去几十年的市盈率倍数有很大差异。例如,1990年以来的市盈率中位数是21.8,远高于60年基准市盈率17.4。

本文选择了这两个数字的中间值20,它既高于长期市盈率,又低于近几年来极高的市盈率水平。将当前的标普指数除以市盈率20,得出实现预期价格需要达到的收益水平,这就是所谓的“Tully 20规则”。

根据Tully 20规则,市盈率达到20,在2022年年中之前每股收益需要达到176美元。这比2019年年底的每股收益上涨了26.3%。要达到这个水平,除非像小说《瑞普•凡•温克尔》里一样发生奇迹。你在2月睡去,不知道发生过新冠疫情,等你在2022年年中醒来时,发现每股收益在一年内增长了超过9%。你肯定会喜出望外,在知道新冠疫情之后也会目瞪口呆。

但现在收益的变化趋势却大相径庭。标普调查的分析师预测,今年年底,利润将降低34%至92美元。这些总是神采奕奕的预言家们预测2021年年底的利润只有146美元,距离市盈率达到20所需要的176美元仍相去甚远。事实上,如果华尔街今年的预测是正确的,从2021年年初到2022年6月初,利润需要在短短18个月内从92美元激增到176美元,才能实现估值高涨,达到对未来收益的预期。

清醒的分析师可以肯定地说,在2022年年中之前,利润不可能达到176美元,因为这个结果从数学上来讲是不可能实现的。不过还有一种更好的预测工具,它是罗伯特•席勒的周期调整后市盈率CAPE,该工具根据10年平均水平调整每股收益。一些有头脑的基金经理都将席勒的CAPE市盈率提高了7.5%至10%,用于预测正常利润水平。按照这个公式计算,今天的每股收益为120美元。

但让我们乐观地预测,利润将反弹到2019年第四季度的139美元。至少这样的结果比179美元更可信。在这种情况下,标普指数比今天上涨10%达到3572点,这是可行的。只要市盈率达到25.6(3572除以139美元)左右就能实现。这比20年平均水平提高了约18%,比1960年以来的正常水平提高了40%以上。

当然,投资者希望用股票收益率与无风险国债收益率之间的差额,抵消持有股票的风险。这个差额也就是股权风险溢价(ERP)。所以投资者期待的总收益是无风险收益率与股权风险溢价之和。在长期内对这种额外缓冲的合理预估是3.5个百分点。如果“实际”通胀调整后国债收益率为0.5%(这意味着10年期国债收益率为2%,通货膨胀率为1.5%),则ERP与实际收益率的和为4%。这是投资者预期的“实际”收益率。因此,他们每支付100美元的收益为4美元,市盈率为25(100美元股价除以4美元利润)。

现在看来,这样的结果是可行的,因为当前的10年期国债收益率为0.92%。这可以解释为什么市场会考虑到未来一两年的较高市盈率。但需要记住的是,现在属于非常时期,大量寻求避险投资的外国投资者涌入市场,降低了国债收益率。

近几年,实际收益率持续下降,可能始终远低于5%的长期平均水平。但如果美国经济增长速度不低于2%,实际收益率将很难低于这个水平,因为GDP增长与资本需求和实际收益率是密切相关的。

如果恰当的市盈率是20而不是25.5,现在股价已经出现虚高甚至被严重高估。如果2021年年中之前,每股收益恢复到139美元,标普指数将比今天的水平下降13%,降至2780点,这是乐观的预测。

总之,你可以创设一个投资情境,在这个情境中,市场达到了今天的高估值,并且仍有继续增长的空间。但这就像是看一部惊悚片一样,你想象不出主角如何逃出生天,但他总是能躲过枪林弹雨,最终成功逃脱获得胜利。这种情节只会发生在电影里。在股市里依旧不可能出现这样的情况。(财富中文网)

译者:Biz

If you're one of those calm, rational investors who believes that earnings, not wild shifts in momentum, drive stock prices, you'll probably draw the logical conclusion from the phenomenal rally in stocks: The markets are unhinged from reality.

Indeed, the view that stocks are defying gravity and will fall to earth is probably the right one. But a slim chance exists that equities are entering a new era of super-high valuations, and not just for a couple of years—a trademark of past bubbles—but as an enduring new normal. The reason: Interest rates on risk-free Treasuries that compete with stocks for investors' dollars will remain far below historic norms for many years to come.

On June 5, the S&P 500 closed at 3194, a 43% jump since the March lows that marks the biggest short-term rally ever. The index now sits just 1% below its near-record close last year. The reason for the jump looks crazy: It's hard to envisage a scenario in which profits rebound fast enough to remotely support prices that since February have careened from rich to reasonable to rich again.

To be sure, the surprise surge in new jobs that ignited June 5’s 2.7% breakout was great news. But what matters most is where profits are headed, and on that front the news remains dismal even as the market parties on. At the close of 2019, the S&P posted net earnings, based on the trailing four quarters, of $139.47, an all-time high. Where would those profits need to settle once we get past the shutdown and tumult from the coronavirus pandemic for shareholders to make a decent return from here?

The intrepid folks buying stocks at these heights are taking big risks, so they'll want a pretty good return. Let's be conservative and say they're looking for 5% capital gains (that's a modest total return of 6.8% including the dividend yield). In that case, the S&P would need to hit 3522 by early June 2022, when it's safe to predict the hurricane has passed. Now, we need to choose a reasonable price/earnings ratio, what investors are willing to pay for each dollar of profits, two years hence. That's a tricky job, since multiples have varied widely in past decades. For example, the median P/E since 1990 was 21.8, far higher than the 60-year benchmark of 17.4.

I choose a P/E of 20 because it's around halfway between the two readings—higher than the long-term number but below the extremely elevated levels of recent years. Dividing the current S&P index by 20 to get a measure on where earnings must go to justify price is the test I call "the Tully 20 rule."

At a 20 multiple, the Tully 20 rule says earnings would need to hit $176 a share by mid-2022. That's a 26.3% increase from the end of 2019. Getting there would require a Rip Van Winkle fantasy. You fell asleep in February, never knew about COVID-19, and woke up to see earnings rise over 9% a year in mid-2022. You'd be pleasantly surprised in any case and dumbfounded once you learned about the pandemic.

Right now, earnings are headed in the opposite direction, in a big way. The analysts polled by S&P predict profits will drop 34% to $92 at the end of this year. And those ever-cheery prognosticators see profits only reaching $146 by the end of 2021, a long way from the $176 needed to justify a 20 P/E. In fact, if Wall Street is right about this year, profits would need to soar from $92 to $176 in just under 18 months from the start of 2021 to early June 2022 in order to catch the explosion in valuations, and expectations of what's to come.

The sober numbers person can say with virtual certainty that profits will go nowhere near $176 by mid-2022. That outcome borders on the mathematically impossible. A better predictor is Robert Shiller's cyclically adjusted P/E multiple of CAPE, which adjusts earnings based on a 10-year average. Smart money managers I know bump up the Shiller number by between 7.5% and 10% to get a reading on where profits stand on a normalized basis. That formula would put today's EPS at $120.

But let's make the optimistic forecast that profits climb back to their fourth-quarter 2019 level of $139. At least that outcome is conceivable, while $179 is not. If that happens, an S&P at 3572, 10% higher than today, is a possibility. It could happen if the P/E multiple goes to around 25.6 (3572 divided by $139). That's almost 18% higher than the 20-year average and more than 40% above the norm since 1960.

Of course, investors want a margin over risk-free Treasury yields in exchange for the rough ride of owning stocks. So the total gains they demand are the sum of the risk-free rate and that margin, known as the equity risk premium, or ERP. A reasonable estimate of that extra cushion over long periods is 3.5 points. So if the "real" inflation-adjusted rate is 0.5% (meaning the 10-year Treasury is at 2%, and inflation is running at 1.5%), then the ERP plus the real rate is 4%. That's the "real" return investors would be expecting. Hence, they'd settle for $4 in earnings for every $100 they pay, for a P/E of 25 ($100 stock price divided by $4 in profits).

Today that outcome looks feasible, since the 10-year yield now sits at 0.92%. That could explain why the market is factoring in a huge P/E a couple of years out. Keep in mind, however, that these are extraordinary times, when rates are depressed by gigantic flows from foreign investors seeking safety.

Real rates have been dropping in recent years and will probably stay well below the long-term average—which, by the way, is over 5%. But if the U.S. economy grows at 2% or more, it's hard to see how the real rate could be much lower than that, since GDP growth is closely correlated with demand for capital and real rates.

If the right P/E is 20, not 25.5, stocks are now extremely pricey and probably overvalued. If earnings do get back to $139 by mid-2021, the S&P would be 2780, 13% below its level today, and that's optimistic.

In sum, you can invent a plotline that gets the market to today's heady valuation and makes room for gains from here. But that's like watching one of those cinema thrillers where you can't imagine how the hero can escape, yet he ducks the gunfire and somehow manages to declare victory. It happens in the movies. It's still unlikely to happen in the markets.

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