立即打开
最新研究表明,父母养育方式会影响儿童体重

最新研究表明,父母养育方式会影响儿童体重

SOPHIE MELLOR 2022-10-31
研究显示,父母的情感关爱是健康体重的关键。

父母对孩子缺乏情感关爱,会导致儿童更有可能超重。盖蒂图片社

一项研究发现,父母对子女缺乏关爱,孩子更有可能体重超标或肥胖。这是第一项确定父母养育方式会影响儿童体重的研究。

伦敦帝国理工学院(Imperial College London)的研究人员对英格兰10,510名儿童分析发现,专治威权型或忽视冷漠型父母养育的子女,在童年和青少年时期的平均体重更高。这两种类型父母的特征都是缺乏情感关爱。

这项突破性研究已经过同行审议,但尚未发表论文。周三在国际肥胖联盟(World Obesity Federation)于墨尔本召开的国际肥胖大会(International Congress on Obesity)上,研究人员宣布了该项研究的结果。研究显示,父母的情感关爱是健康体重的关键。

在英格兰,童年肥胖问题日益严重,超过四分之一4至5岁的儿童体重超标或肥胖。10至11岁儿童体重超标或肥胖的比例高达40%。儿童期肥胖在成年后肥胖的概率几乎是其他人的五倍。而据哈佛大学公共卫生学院(Harvard School of Public Health)的研究显示,肥胖对人体健康的影响几乎是全方位的,从生殖和呼吸功能到记忆力和情绪都会受到影响。

国际肥胖联盟主席路易斯·鲍尔表示,该项研究进一步强调了“在当今世界,儿童和家庭很难选择健康饮食、积极参加体育运动、保证良好的睡眠和应对压力。”

鲍尔表示:“父母能够为子女设定恰当的界限,并在亲子关系中重视情感关爱和保持敏感性,可能更有助于子女尽可能保持健康。”

哪类父母养育方式能最有效防止肥胖?

研究人员根据雅芳父母与儿童纵向研究(Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children)的数据,基于父母和儿童填写的调查问卷,将父母分成了四类,分别是:开明权威型、专治威权型、宽松放任型和忽视冷漠型。雅芳父母与儿童纵向研究是对1991年和1992年英格兰前雅芳郡出生的儿童开展的群组研究。

开明权威型父母能够给子女划定清晰的界限,但同时给与子女情感关爱。与之相比,专治威权型父母执行严格的纪律,却对子女少有关爱。宽松放任型父母有同理心,但甚少制定规则,而忽视冷漠型父母在情感上漠不关心,很少会为子女制定规则。

研究人员发现,专治威权型父母或忽视冷漠型父母的子女,更有可能体重超过开明权威型父母的子女,而宽松放任型父母对子女体重的统计学影响较小。

研究人员纵向研究这些数据发现,忽视冷漠型父母或专治威权型父母的7岁子女,比开明权威型父母的同龄人平均重1.5公斤(3.3磅)。研究人员还发现,不同养育方式对儿童体重的影响,会从幼年一直持续到青春期早期、青春期后期、成年期早期。

该项研究的作者之一、伦敦理工学院健康经济学与政策创新中心(Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation)的研究人员亚历克萨·西格尔解释称,专治威权型母亲的特点是要求苛刻,有控制欲,但同时对子女缺乏情感关爱和响应,可能导致她们不会响应子女发出的饥饿信号。

西格尔表示,在子女饥饿时不允许选择零食,或试图控制子女的饮食摄入,例如要求子女即使不饿的时候也不能剩饭,可能导致孩子“无法形成调节自身能量摄入的能力,这意味着当他们有自主行为能力时可能暴饮暴食。”

西格尔还表示,忽视冷漠型父母的问题是,不给子女制定规则,导致子女可以自由选择许多不健康的饮食。

西格尔表示,这种趋势可以通过参加支持课程来应对,父母可以在课上了解到养育方式对防止肥胖的重要性,同时医生和其他支持提供者要强调父母缺乏情感关爱对儿童体重的影响。

西格尔称:“父母养育方式对儿童体重的影响,通常被视为禁忌。”

他表示:“然而,全面理解父母养育方式与童年和青少年肥胖之间的关系,有助于指导肥胖控制政策,促进制定更有效的健康和营养计划。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

一项研究发现,父母对子女缺乏关爱,孩子更有可能体重超标或肥胖。这是第一项确定父母养育方式会影响儿童体重的研究。

伦敦帝国理工学院(Imperial College London)的研究人员对英格兰10,510名儿童分析发现,专治威权型或忽视冷漠型父母养育的子女,在童年和青少年时期的平均体重更高。这两种类型父母的特征都是缺乏情感关爱。

这项突破性研究已经过同行审议,但尚未发表论文。周三在国际肥胖联盟(World Obesity Federation)于墨尔本召开的国际肥胖大会(International Congress on Obesity)上,研究人员宣布了该项研究的结果。研究显示,父母的情感关爱是健康体重的关键。

在英格兰,童年肥胖问题日益严重,超过四分之一4至5岁的儿童体重超标或肥胖。10至11岁儿童体重超标或肥胖的比例高达40%。儿童期肥胖在成年后肥胖的概率几乎是其他人的五倍。而据哈佛大学公共卫生学院(Harvard School of Public Health)的研究显示,肥胖对人体健康的影响几乎是全方位的,从生殖和呼吸功能到记忆力和情绪都会受到影响。

国际肥胖联盟主席路易斯·鲍尔表示,该项研究进一步强调了“在当今世界,儿童和家庭很难选择健康饮食、积极参加体育运动、保证良好的睡眠和应对压力。”

鲍尔表示:“父母能够为子女设定恰当的界限,并在亲子关系中重视情感关爱和保持敏感性,可能更有助于子女尽可能保持健康。”

哪类父母养育方式能最有效防止肥胖?

研究人员根据雅芳父母与儿童纵向研究(Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children)的数据,基于父母和儿童填写的调查问卷,将父母分成了四类,分别是:开明权威型、专治威权型、宽松放任型和忽视冷漠型。雅芳父母与儿童纵向研究是对1991年和1992年英格兰前雅芳郡出生的儿童开展的群组研究。

开明权威型父母能够给子女划定清晰的界限,但同时给与子女情感关爱。与之相比,专治威权型父母执行严格的纪律,却对子女少有关爱。宽松放任型父母有同理心,但甚少制定规则,而忽视冷漠型父母在情感上漠不关心,很少会为子女制定规则。

研究人员发现,专治威权型父母或忽视冷漠型父母的子女,更有可能体重超过开明权威型父母的子女,而宽松放任型父母对子女体重的统计学影响较小。

研究人员纵向研究这些数据发现,忽视冷漠型父母或专治威权型父母的7岁子女,比开明权威型父母的同龄人平均重1.5公斤(3.3磅)。研究人员还发现,不同养育方式对儿童体重的影响,会从幼年一直持续到青春期早期、青春期后期、成年期早期。

该项研究的作者之一、伦敦理工学院健康经济学与政策创新中心(Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation)的研究人员亚历克萨·西格尔解释称,专治威权型母亲的特点是要求苛刻,有控制欲,但同时对子女缺乏情感关爱和响应,可能导致她们不会响应子女发出的饥饿信号。

西格尔表示,在子女饥饿时不允许选择零食,或试图控制子女的饮食摄入,例如要求子女即使不饿的时候也不能剩饭,可能导致孩子“无法形成调节自身能量摄入的能力,这意味着当他们有自主行为能力时可能暴饮暴食。”

西格尔还表示,忽视冷漠型父母的问题是,不给子女制定规则,导致子女可以自由选择许多不健康的饮食。

西格尔表示,这种趋势可以通过参加支持课程来应对,父母可以在课上了解到养育方式对防止肥胖的重要性,同时医生和其他支持提供者要强调父母缺乏情感关爱对儿童体重的影响。

西格尔称:“父母养育方式对儿童体重的影响,通常被视为禁忌。”

他表示:“然而,全面理解父母养育方式与童年和青少年肥胖之间的关系,有助于指导肥胖控制政策,促进制定更有效的健康和营养计划。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

Children who are not treated warmly by their parents are more likely to grow up to be overweight or obese, according to the first-ever study determining the effect of parenting styles on children’s weight.

In an analysis of 10,510 children in England, researchers at Imperial College London found that children with authoritarian or neglectful parents—both types of parenting characterized as lacking warmth—had, on average, a higher weight throughout childhood and adolescence.

The groundbreaking study, which has been peer-reviewed but not yet submitted for publication, suggests parental warmth is the key to a healthy weight, researchers at the International Congress on Obesity, held in Melbourne by the World Obesity Federation, announced on Wednesday.

Childhood obesity is a growing problem in England, with more than a quarter of 4- and 5-year-olds overweight or obese. This figure jumps to 40% for kids ages 10 to 11. Obese children are also five times as likely to be obese adults, and, according to the Harvard School of Public Health, obesity diminishes almost every aspect of health, from reproductive and respiratory function to memory and mood.

Louise Baur, president of the World Obesity Federation, said the study reinforced that “the world today often makes it difficult for children and families to eat well, be physically active, sleep well, and cope with stress.”

Baur added, “Parents who are able to set appropriate limits for their child, while bringing warmth and sensitivity to the relationship, may be better able to help their child be as healthy as possible.”

What’s the best kind of parenting to prevent obesity?

Researchers took data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children—a cohort study of children born in the former county of Avon, England, during 1991 and 1992—and divided parents into four categories based on questionnaires filled in by parents and children: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved.

Authoritative parents were defined as parents who maintain clear boundaries but were also warm—as opposed to authoritarian parents who maintained strict discipline and showed little warmth. Permissive parents were empathetic but had few rules, and neglectful parents were emotionally uninvolved and placed few rules on their children.

Researchers found that children with parents who were classified as authoritarian or neglectful were more much likely to have a higher weight than those who experienced authoritative parenting, while permissive parenting had little statistical effect on children’s weight.

In a longitudinal look into the data, researchers found that on average a 7-year-old with neglectful or authoritarian parents was on average 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs) heavier than a child with authoritative parents. They also found that these parenting styles affected their children’s weight through early childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence, and early adulthood.

Alexa Segal, study author and researcher at the Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation at Imperial College London, explained that authoritarian mothers are characterized by being demanding and controlling while having low warmth and responsiveness, which could lead to their not responding to a child’s hunger cues.

Not allowing a child to select a snack when hungry, or trying to control a child’s food intake by, for example, pressuring him to clean his plate even when he is not hungry, could lead the child to “not develop their own ability to regulate their own energy intake, meaning they might overindulge when they have the ability,” Segal said.

Meanwhile, Segal said, the problem of neglectful parenting may be that when no rules are given the child has free rein to eat as many unhealthy options as are available.

Segal stated this trend can be combated with support classes in which parents learn the importance of parenting style in preventing obesity, and with doctors and other support providers stressing the effects of a lack of parental warmth on a child’s weight.

“The effect of parenting style on a child’s weight is often considered a taboo subject,” Segal noted.

“However, a comprehensive understanding of the associations between parenting style and childhood and adolescent obesity has great potential to inform obesity policy and contribute to the development of more effective health and nutrition programs,” Segal said.

热读文章
热门视频
扫描二维码下载财富APP