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FTX重组牵头人:这次破产案几乎没有可信的书面记录

FTX重组牵头人:这次破产案几乎没有可信的书面记录

BYJEFF JOHN ROBERTS 2022-11-20
负责重组FTX的人(曾参与安然公司破产)从这次破产案中总结出的一大要点:不留蛛丝马迹。

FTX联合创始人兼首席执行官萨姆·班克曼-弗里德(Sam Bankman-Fried),摄于2021年5月11日(星期二),中国香港。图片来源:LAM YIK/BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY IMAGES

公司破产通常是相当枯燥的事情。但FTX的情况并非如此,直到两周前,它还被视为加密货币界的金童,但现在似乎已成为一个巨大的庞氏骗局。

这一切使得FTX的新任首席执行官约翰·雷三世(John Ray III)宣称,这是他见过的最糟糕的事故。这确实传达了一些信息,因为雷是一位重组专家,他曾主持过历史上最臭名昭著的破产案——包括2001年能源巨头安然公司(Enron)的破产案,一些旁观者将安然公司破产案与FTX破产案相提并论,尤其是前财政部长拉里·萨默斯(Larry Summers)。

这些强烈谴责来自雷所谓的首日宣言。(根据破产程序,通常需要在第一天提交破产申请,而FTX的破产申请在第六天才提交,这表明该破产案有多么混乱。)

雷在向美国特拉华州破产法院提交的文件中表示:“在我的职业生涯中,我从未见过公司控制落得一败涂地的下场,而且财务信息更是完全缺乏可信度。”然后,他发表了对前管理团队的意见,其中包括声名狼藉的创始人兼前首席执行官萨姆·班克曼-弗里德。“从系统完整性受损、海外监管失误,到控制权集中在极少数经验不足、涉世不深和难以抵御诱惑的个人手中,这种情况是前所未有的。”

考虑到近日传出的有关FTX的一些细节,上述描述并不令人意外,包括有报道称,班克曼-弗里德在不召开董事会的情况下在他的顶层公寓管理整个公司,高层管理人员深陷吸毒和多角恋泥潭。

尽管如此,资产负债表中的一些细节还是令人震惊。雷会保留收据,因此,他毫不留情地批评FTX不留收据。正如雷所言:“FTX.com业务一塌糊涂,尤其是没有做到一以贯之地记录决策过程。”

雷指出,FTX没有会计部门,它“无法提供一份完整的截止到申请破产日为FTX集团工作的人员名单,或他们的雇佣条款。”

正如特许会计师吉纳维芙·罗奇-德克托(Genevieve Roch-Dector)所指出的那样,FTX向其高管提供了大量个人贷款,并通过聊天室聊天做出重大公司决策,而许多信息在聊天后不久就被删除了。雷的怀疑跃然纸上:“FTX集团员工通过在线‘聊天’平台提交付款请求,在这个平台上,一群负责不同业务的主管通过回复个性化表情包来批准付款。”

关于使用公司资金为FTX员工购买物品,同样的情况是,雷手头拿到的收据少之又少,不能用来展开侦查工作。“据我了解,FTX的公司资金被用于为员工和顾问购买住房和其他私人物品。我了解到,似乎没有文件记载其中某些交易是给员工和顾问提供的个人贷款,而且在巴哈马群岛的记录中,某些房地产是以这些员工和顾问的个人名义登记的。”

尽管书面记录少之又少,雷认为这不值得信赖,比如FTX臭名昭著的资产负债表。他写道:“由于这样的资产负债表是在债务人被班克曼-弗里德先生控制时编制的,我对它没有信心,其中的信息就载明之日而言不一定符合实际。”

所有这些对雷来说都是一个非常头疼的问题,他的任务是清理这个烂摊子,必须确定可以分配给投资者和债权人的资产——鉴于Semafor的一份报告显示,可能是按巴哈马群岛政府的要求,班克曼-弗里德上周将大量资金或加密货币转移出了交易所,雷的这一任务将变得更加困难。与此同时,与典型的破产案不同的是,FTX的破产申请不包括主要债权人名单,这可能是因为该公司对自己的债务一无所知。

在其他涉及欺诈的备受瞩目的破产案中,如安然公司,像雷这样的律师不得不从一连串旨在误导监管机构和审计人员的文件中找出蛛丝马迹。但在FTX破产案中,根本就没有任何书面记录,这使得雷的任务和班克曼-弗里德面临的犯罪风险都严峻得多。

甚至可能连表情包的踪迹都没有。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

FTX联合创始人兼首席执行官萨姆·班克曼-弗里德(Sam Bankman-Fried),摄于2021年5月11日(星期二),中国香港。

公司破产通常是相当枯燥的事情。但FTX的情况并非如此,直到两周前,它还被视为加密货币界的金童,但现在似乎已成为一个巨大的庞氏骗局。

这一切使得FTX的新任首席执行官约翰·雷三世(John Ray III)宣称,这是他见过的最糟糕的事故。这确实传达了一些信息,因为雷是一位重组专家,他曾主持过历史上最臭名昭著的破产案——包括2001年能源巨头安然公司(Enron)的破产案,一些旁观者将安然公司破产案与FTX破产案相提并论,尤其是前财政部长拉里·萨默斯(Larry Summers)。

这些强烈谴责来自雷所谓的首日宣言。(根据破产程序,通常需要在第一天提交破产申请,而FTX的破产申请在第六天才提交,这表明该破产案有多么混乱。)

雷在向美国特拉华州破产法院提交的文件中表示:“在我的职业生涯中,我从未见过公司控制落得一败涂地的下场,而且财务信息更是完全缺乏可信度。”然后,他发表了对前管理团队的意见,其中包括声名狼藉的创始人兼前首席执行官萨姆·班克曼-弗里德。“从系统完整性受损、海外监管失误,到控制权集中在极少数经验不足、涉世不深和难以抵御诱惑的个人手中,这种情况是前所未有的。”

考虑到近日传出的有关FTX的一些细节,上述描述并不令人意外,包括有报道称,班克曼-弗里德在不召开董事会的情况下在他的顶层公寓管理整个公司,高层管理人员深陷吸毒和多角恋泥潭。

尽管如此,资产负债表中的一些细节还是令人震惊。雷会保留收据,因此,他毫不留情地批评FTX不留收据。正如雷所言:“FTX.com业务一塌糊涂,尤其是没有做到一以贯之地记录决策过程。”

雷指出,FTX没有会计部门,它“无法提供一份完整的截止到申请破产日为FTX集团工作的人员名单,或他们的雇佣条款。”

正如特许会计师吉纳维芙·罗奇-德克托(Genevieve Roch-Dector)所指出的那样,FTX向其高管提供了大量个人贷款,并通过聊天室聊天做出重大公司决策,而许多信息在聊天后不久就被删除了。雷的怀疑跃然纸上:“FTX集团员工通过在线‘聊天’平台提交付款请求,在这个平台上,一群负责不同业务的主管通过回复个性化表情包来批准付款。”

关于使用公司资金为FTX员工购买物品,同样的情况是,雷手头拿到的收据少之又少,不能用来展开侦查工作。“据我了解,FTX的公司资金被用于为员工和顾问购买住房和其他私人物品。我了解到,似乎没有文件记载其中某些交易是给员工和顾问提供的个人贷款,而且在巴哈马群岛的记录中,某些房地产是以这些员工和顾问的个人名义登记的。”

尽管书面记录少之又少,雷认为这不值得信赖,比如FTX臭名昭著的资产负债表。他写道:“由于这样的资产负债表是在债务人被班克曼-弗里德先生控制时编制的,我对它没有信心,其中的信息就载明之日而言不一定符合实际。”

所有这些对雷来说都是一个非常头疼的问题,他的任务是清理这个烂摊子,必须确定可以分配给投资者和债权人的资产——鉴于Semafor的一份报告显示,可能是按巴哈马群岛政府的要求,班克曼-弗里德上周将大量资金或加密货币转移出了交易所,雷的这一任务将变得更加困难。与此同时,与典型的破产案不同的是,FTX的破产申请不包括主要债权人名单,这可能是因为该公司对自己的债务一无所知。

在其他涉及欺诈的备受瞩目的破产案中,如安然公司,像雷这样的律师不得不从一连串旨在误导监管机构和审计人员的文件中找出蛛丝马迹。但在FTX破产案中,根本就没有任何书面记录,这使得雷的任务和班克曼-弗里德面临的犯罪风险都严峻得多。

甚至可能连表情包的踪迹都没有。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

Sam Bankman-Fried, co-founder and chief executive officer of FTX, in Hong Kong, China, on Tuesday, May 11, 2021.

LAM YIK/BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY IMAGES

Corporate bankruptcies are usually pretty dull affairs. That’s not the case with FTX, which until two weeks ago was seen as the golden child of cryptocurrency, but now appears to have been a giant Ponzi scheme.

All this has led FTX’s new caretaker CEO, John Ray III, to declare this the worst trainwreck he has ever seen. And that’s really saying something, since Ray is a restructuring expert who has presided over some of the most infamous bankruptcies in history—including energy giant Enron in 2001, a comparison that some onlookers have made, notably including former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers.

The damning words came from Ray’s so-called first day declaration. (It is a sign of how chaotic this bankruptcy has been that the filing usually filed on the first day is being filed on the sixth day of the process.)

“Never in my career have I seen such a complete failure of corporate controls and such a complete absence of trustworthy financial information as occurred here,” wrote Ray in the Delaware court filing. Then he offered his verdict on the previous management team, including disgraced founder and former CEO Sam Bankman-Fried. “From compromised systems integrity and faulty regulatory oversight abroad, to the concentration of control in the hands of a very small group of inexperienced, unsophisticated and potentially compromised individuals, this situation is unprecedented.”

This description is not a surprise given details that have trickled out about FTX in recent days, including reports that Bankman-Fried ran the whole operation from his penthouse without a board, and that top executives were engaged in drug use and polyamory.

Nonetheless, some of the details set out in the balance sheet are shocking. Ray has the receipts and he’s unsparing about FTX’s lack of, well, receipts. As Ray puts it: “One of the most pervasive failures of the FTX.com business in particular is the absence of lasting records of decision-making.”

Ray notes that FTX does not have an accounting department and that it has “been unable to prepare a complete list of who worked for the FTX Group as of the Petition Date, or the terms of their employment.”

As chartered accountant Genevieve Roch-Dector has noted, FTX made large personal loans to its executive and made major corporate decisions by chat with many messages deleted soon after. Ray’s disbelief screams from the page: “employees of the FTX Group submitted payment requests through an on-line ‘chat’ platform where a disparate group of supervisors approved disbursements by responding with personalized emojis.”

Regarding the use of company funds to buy things for FTX employees, Ray likewise has few receipts to aid his detective work. “I understand that corporate funds of the FTX Group were used to purchase homes and other personal items for employees and advisors. I understand that there does not appear to be documentation for certain of these transactions as loans, and that certain real estate was recorded in the personal name of these employees and advisors on the records of the Bahamas.”

What little paper trail there is, Ray finds untrustworthy, for instance FTX’s infamous balance sheet. “Because such balance sheet was produced while the Debtors were controlled by Mr. Bankman-Fried,” he writes, “I do not have confidence in it, and the information therein may not be correct as of the date stated.”

All of this amounts to a massive headache for Ray, who is tasked with sorting out this mess and must identify assets that can be allocated to investors and creditors—a task that will become even harder given a report by Semafor that Bankman-Fried transferred large sums of money or crypto out of the exchange last week, possibly at the bequest of the Bahamian government. Meanwhile, unlike in typical bankruptcy cases, the FTX filing didn’t include a list of major creditors, likely because the company has no ideas of its own liabilities.

In other high-profile bankruptcies involving fraud, like Enron, attorneys like Ray have had to decipher paper trails intended to mislead regulators and auditors. But in the case of FTX, there will often be no paper trail at all—making both Ray’s task, and the criminal risk posed to Bankman-Fried, that much steeper.

There may not even be an emoji trail.

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