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虽然不计入CPI,但房价将导致美国通胀进一步恶化

虽然不计入CPI,但房价将导致美国通胀进一步恶化

Shawn Tully 2022-09-22
房价正在迅速推高美国人的生活成本。

近日,美国发布了今年8月的消费价格指数(CPI)报告。乍看上去,8月的CPI相比前几个月的灾难性通胀温和了许多。8.3%的整体数据说明只有0.1%的小幅上涨。再加上7月物价同样趋稳,美国已经连续两个月呈现了物价回稳的趋势。这与今年上半年的物价飞涨形成了鲜明对比。今年上半月,美国的CPI平均每个月都会上涨1%,年化涨幅达到12%。不过8月美国CPI指数继续趋稳并未特别令投资者感到振奋。这是因为7月CPI数据出炉的时候,大家以为美联储(Federal Reserve)的连番加息已经控制住了通胀这头洪水猛兽,通胀最严重的时候已经过去了,8月的通胀数据会明显下降,最终美国的CPI将稳步回落到美联储制定的2%的道路上来,同时这也将为美联储放松政策创造空间。然而9月13日发布的CPI数据不及预期,令很多人感到了失望,众多华尔街多头仓皇退场,导致股市出现了两年多以来的最大单日抛售。

不过实际上,未来几个月的前景可能会比“没有增长”的8月数据还要糟糕。接下来,我们可能会看到美国的CPI数据重现连续上涨的模式。原因是什么呢?答案是:房价。房价是影响CPI的最大因素,而且房价正在迅速推高美国人的生活成本。但由于统计方法的原因,房价涨幅的相当一部分并未被统计入CPI。杜克大学(Duke University)的金融学教授坎贝尔·哈维说:“这部分成本正在增长,而且会持续增长。这一部分是已经发生的通胀,只是尚未反映在CPI中。为什么我们认为未来还会持续出现通胀,有相当一部分原因是房价的上涨。有人认为通胀完全是供应链问题和政治风险造成的,还有人认为美国的CPI很快会回落到2%到3%,这种观点都是有误导性的。”

根据CPI的计算方法,未来几个月美国的CPI很有可能继续保持在高位

哈维介绍了决定未来CPI数值的两个因素。首先是所谓的“机制性因素”,也就是CPI是如何计算的。目前看来,未来几个月的数据是相对固定的,而且这些数据并不漂亮。第二个是所谓的“结构性因素”,主要是指房价和租金的上涨,这些因素将在更长的周期内进一步提升CPI的数值。

哈维解释道,在机制性因素方面,通胀的同比变化取决于两件事情:一是12个月前的月环比涨幅,二是当月涨幅。如果当月涨幅低于上年同期涨幅,那么年CPI“观测值”就必须下跌。这也解释了为什么7月CPI涨幅的显著下跌会点燃人们的希望。2022年7月的物价只上涨了0.1%,甚至不如2021年7月的0.48%,这样一来,年CPI“观测值”就从6月的9.1%下降到了8.5%。同样,今年8月0.1%的物价增幅也低于2021年8月的0.30%,这就导致年CIP观测值下跌至8.3%。简言之,去年同期的环比涨幅越大,如果当月物价上涨持平,CPI的跌幅就越大。这种机制性因素解释了美国的CPI何以从6月的9.1%下降到了8月的8.3%。

但8.3%仍然是一个大得令人不安的数字。那么,从机制性因素看,9月的美国CPI数据将向何处去?特别是这也将是11月的选举前美国最后一次发布CPI数据。首先,让我们乐观地假设9月的年通胀率为3%,也就是物价在8月基础上上涨0.25%。由于这与2021年9月的物价增幅几乎相同(0.27%),因此9月的CPI将保持在8.2%左右,这仍然是一个令人忧心的数值。如果更乐观一些,9月物价就算不再上涨,与8月完全持平,这个数字也不会好到哪里去,至少不会低于8.0%。这样糟糕的数据还会持续几个月之久。假设12月物价的年化增长率还是3%,那么当月美国的CPI将为7.6%,这也几乎是美联储目标的4倍。

房价将在较长时间内提高美国通胀压力

为什么我们说美国的房价增长没有反映在当前的CPI指数中,而且还将在较长时间内提高美国的通胀压力?这与美国劳工统计局(Bureau of Labor Statistics)对住房成本的统计方法有关。到目前为止,“住房”在美国CPI中的权重最重,达到32%,令排名第二位的“食品”(13%)相形见绌。美国劳工统计局的“住房”支出是在对5万名居民的调查基础上得出的,而且采用了两种衡量方法。第一种是“主要住所租金”,也就是租房者当前支付的租金。但对于有房者,美国劳工统计局并未计算其房价——尽管美国房价过去一年增长了近20%。对于有房者的住房成本,它采用的是“业主等值租金”的衡量方法,至于这笔成本如何计算,美国劳工统计局仍然参考了租房者的现行租金,并根据房屋大小、使用年限、翻修程度和所在社区来调整这些成本,从而计算出了一个业主如果将房子出租所能获得的租金,以此作为其住房成本。美国独幢房屋出租市场的火爆也为计算该成本提供了很多参考。

但这种计算方法没有考虑到实时的房价上涨因素。在过去一年里,房地产网站Zillow上的租金指数的涨幅已经达到了两位数。到今年8月,美国的租金年增幅已经达到了12.3%。而今年年初,美国CPI住房成本的年化增长率大约是3%到4%。而到了8月,这一数字已经达到7%左右。哈维解释道:“这就是今天的住房成本和CPI数据之间的差异。打个比方,如果你在2021年10月签了一份12个月的租房合同,那么到今年合同到期前,你每月的租金就是不变的。虽说这一年里,租金价格平均增幅达到了两位数,但你也不必花多余的费用。可是如果你今年10月签了一份新租约,你的房租就会上涨——比如说涨了10%。你一下子就会遭到这种住房成本上涨的打击。”哈维表示,正是由于这些成本的滚动上涨,加上越来越多的人正在承受越来越高的租金,这必将进一步推高美国的CPI指数。

房租和食品价格上涨导致通胀根深蒂固

近一段时间,美国的房价已经有所降温。最近几个月,Zillow上的房价涨幅大约在10%左右,但仍然远远高于CPI数据公布的7%的住房成本涨幅。考虑到住房的成本占到了CPI三分之一的权重,因此“租金”上涨10%,就相当于CPI年增长3%。哈维认为,这种循环性的、内生性的CPI上涨压力将持续长达一年。另外,大家都知道,过去几个月里,让美国CPI保持相对稳定的重要因素是能源,但接下来,能源价格可能无法继续发挥稳定物价的效果了。哈维称:“汽油价格只占了CPI的5%,但它几乎仅靠一己之力造成了7月和8月CPI的下跌。”光是在8月,汽油下格就下降了10.2%。“我认为我们不会再次看到油价出现这样的暴跌了。”

另一方面,食品价格在7月增长13%的基础上,8月的年增长率再度逼近10%。哈维说:“我没有看到任何迹象表明食品价格的上涨压力正在减弱。CPI很可能会再度上涨,直到能源价格出现再次大跌。”据哈维预测,到2023年年中,美国的通胀率仍将远高于4%,且大大超过美联储的目标水平。造成CPI持续上涨的主要因素,很可能是之前被忽略了的房价。(财富中文网)

译者:朴成奎

近日,美国发布了今年8月的消费价格指数(CPI)报告。乍看上去,8月的CPI相比前几个月的灾难性通胀温和了许多。8.3%的整体数据说明只有0.1%的小幅上涨。再加上7月物价同样趋稳,美国已经连续两个月呈现了物价回稳的趋势。这与今年上半年的物价飞涨形成了鲜明对比。今年上半月,美国的CPI平均每个月都会上涨1%,年化涨幅达到12%。不过8月美国CPI指数继续趋稳并未特别令投资者感到振奋。这是因为7月CPI数据出炉的时候,大家以为美联储(Federal Reserve)的连番加息已经控制住了通胀这头洪水猛兽,通胀最严重的时候已经过去了,8月的通胀数据会明显下降,最终美国的CPI将稳步回落到美联储制定的2%的道路上来,同时这也将为美联储放松政策创造空间。然而9月13日发布的CPI数据不及预期,令很多人感到了失望,众多华尔街多头仓皇退场,导致股市出现了两年多以来的最大单日抛售。

不过实际上,未来几个月的前景可能会比“没有增长”的8月数据还要糟糕。接下来,我们可能会看到美国的CPI数据重现连续上涨的模式。原因是什么呢?答案是:房价。房价是影响CPI的最大因素,而且房价正在迅速推高美国人的生活成本。但由于统计方法的原因,房价涨幅的相当一部分并未被统计入CPI。杜克大学(Duke University)的金融学教授坎贝尔·哈维说:“这部分成本正在增长,而且会持续增长。这一部分是已经发生的通胀,只是尚未反映在CPI中。为什么我们认为未来还会持续出现通胀,有相当一部分原因是房价的上涨。有人认为通胀完全是供应链问题和政治风险造成的,还有人认为美国的CPI很快会回落到2%到3%,这种观点都是有误导性的。”

根据CPI的计算方法,未来几个月美国的CPI很有可能继续保持在高位

哈维介绍了决定未来CPI数值的两个因素。首先是所谓的“机制性因素”,也就是CPI是如何计算的。目前看来,未来几个月的数据是相对固定的,而且这些数据并不漂亮。第二个是所谓的“结构性因素”,主要是指房价和租金的上涨,这些因素将在更长的周期内进一步提升CPI的数值。

哈维解释道,在机制性因素方面,通胀的同比变化取决于两件事情:一是12个月前的月环比涨幅,二是当月涨幅。如果当月涨幅低于上年同期涨幅,那么年CPI“观测值”就必须下跌。这也解释了为什么7月CPI涨幅的显著下跌会点燃人们的希望。2022年7月的物价只上涨了0.1%,甚至不如2021年7月的0.48%,这样一来,年CPI“观测值”就从6月的9.1%下降到了8.5%。同样,今年8月0.1%的物价增幅也低于2021年8月的0.30%,这就导致年CIP观测值下跌至8.3%。简言之,去年同期的环比涨幅越大,如果当月物价上涨持平,CPI的跌幅就越大。这种机制性因素解释了美国的CPI何以从6月的9.1%下降到了8月的8.3%。

但8.3%仍然是一个大得令人不安的数字。那么,从机制性因素看,9月的美国CPI数据将向何处去?特别是这也将是11月的选举前美国最后一次发布CPI数据。首先,让我们乐观地假设9月的年通胀率为3%,也就是物价在8月基础上上涨0.25%。由于这与2021年9月的物价增幅几乎相同(0.27%),因此9月的CPI将保持在8.2%左右,这仍然是一个令人忧心的数值。如果更乐观一些,9月物价就算不再上涨,与8月完全持平,这个数字也不会好到哪里去,至少不会低于8.0%。这样糟糕的数据还会持续几个月之久。假设12月物价的年化增长率还是3%,那么当月美国的CPI将为7.6%,这也几乎是美联储目标的4倍。

房价将在较长时间内提高美国通胀压力

为什么我们说美国的房价增长没有反映在当前的CPI指数中,而且还将在较长时间内提高美国的通胀压力?这与美国劳工统计局(Bureau of Labor Statistics)对住房成本的统计方法有关。到目前为止,“住房”在美国CPI中的权重最重,达到32%,令排名第二位的“食品”(13%)相形见绌。美国劳工统计局的“住房”支出是在对5万名居民的调查基础上得出的,而且采用了两种衡量方法。第一种是“主要住所租金”,也就是租房者当前支付的租金。但对于有房者,美国劳工统计局并未计算其房价——尽管美国房价过去一年增长了近20%。对于有房者的住房成本,它采用的是“业主等值租金”的衡量方法,至于这笔成本如何计算,美国劳工统计局仍然参考了租房者的现行租金,并根据房屋大小、使用年限、翻修程度和所在社区来调整这些成本,从而计算出了一个业主如果将房子出租所能获得的租金,以此作为其住房成本。美国独幢房屋出租市场的火爆也为计算该成本提供了很多参考。

但这种计算方法没有考虑到实时的房价上涨因素。在过去一年里,房地产网站Zillow上的租金指数的涨幅已经达到了两位数。到今年8月,美国的租金年增幅已经达到了12.3%。而今年年初,美国CPI住房成本的年化增长率大约是3%到4%。而到了8月,这一数字已经达到7%左右。哈维解释道:“这就是今天的住房成本和CPI数据之间的差异。打个比方,如果你在2021年10月签了一份12个月的租房合同,那么到今年合同到期前,你每月的租金就是不变的。虽说这一年里,租金价格平均增幅达到了两位数,但你也不必花多余的费用。可是如果你今年10月签了一份新租约,你的房租就会上涨——比如说涨了10%。你一下子就会遭到这种住房成本上涨的打击。”哈维表示,正是由于这些成本的滚动上涨,加上越来越多的人正在承受越来越高的租金,这必将进一步推高美国的CPI指数。

房租和食品价格上涨导致通胀根深蒂固

近一段时间,美国的房价已经有所降温。最近几个月,Zillow上的房价涨幅大约在10%左右,但仍然远远高于CPI数据公布的7%的住房成本涨幅。考虑到住房的成本占到了CPI三分之一的权重,因此“租金”上涨10%,就相当于CPI年增长3%。哈维认为,这种循环性的、内生性的CPI上涨压力将持续长达一年。另外,大家都知道,过去几个月里,让美国CPI保持相对稳定的重要因素是能源,但接下来,能源价格可能无法继续发挥稳定物价的效果了。哈维称:“汽油价格只占了CPI的5%,但它几乎仅靠一己之力造成了7月和8月CPI的下跌。”光是在8月,汽油下格就下降了10.2%。“我认为我们不会再次看到油价出现这样的暴跌了。”

另一方面,食品价格在7月增长13%的基础上,8月的年增长率再度逼近10%。哈维说:“我没有看到任何迹象表明食品价格的上涨压力正在减弱。CPI很可能会再度上涨,直到能源价格出现再次大跌。”据哈维预测,到2023年年中,美国的通胀率仍将远高于4%,且大大超过美联储的目标水平。造成CPI持续上涨的主要因素,很可能是之前被忽略了的房价。(财富中文网)

译者:朴成奎

At first glance, the August consumer price index (CPI) report, versus the fever raging over the past few months, didn’t look catastrophic. The headline reading of 8.3% showed a tiny increase of 0.1% that, combined with a similar decline for July, marked a two-month flattening for prices. That’s a big downshift from the superhot trend for the first half of 2022, a span where the CPI was surging at an average of 1% a month, or a 12% annualized clip. But a CPI that continued to trend sideways wasn’t the jubilant news investors expected. The July data had stoked optimism that the Fed’s interest rate hikes were already taming the beast, the peak was past, and consumer prices would meaningfully fall in August, sending the U.S. on a glide path to the Fed’s 2% target and creating space for the central bank to ease up. When Sept. 13 data disappointed, the Wall Street bulls stampeded in retreat, sending stocks to their steepest one-day selloff in over two years.

In reality, the outlook for future months is worse than the “no increase” August numbers that so rattled investors. Going forward, we’re likely to see the CPI return to the pattern of serial increases. The reason? Housing costs, the biggest force by far in moving the CPI, are already rapidly raising Americans’ living expenses. But because of the way they’re measured, a large portion of those increases aren’t yet counted in the index. “That component is growing and will continue to grow,” says Campbell Harvey, a finance professor at Duke University. “It’s inflation that’s already happened, but isn’t yet reflected in the CPI. That’s part of the reason that future inflation will be elevated and persistent. The view that the story is just about supply chain and political risk, and that we’ll quickly get back down to 2% or 3%, is misguided.”

The CPI’s methodology makes it highly probable the number will stay high in the months to come

Harvey distinguishes between two factors that will determine future CPI readings. The first are what he calls the “mechanics,” or how the CPI is calculated. Those levers pretty much set the numbers for the next few months in stone, and they aren’t pretty. The second are the “structural” factors dominated by the rising tide of housing and rental costs that will increasingly swell the readings over a longer horizon.

On the mechanics, Harvey explains that the change in year-over-year inflation depends on two things: The size of the month-over-month increase 12 months ago, and the rise in the current month. When the increase in the current month is lower than that of a year earlier, the annual CPI “observation” must drop. That explains the dramatic fall in July that ignited high hopes. Prices rose that minuscule 0.1%, and since the bump in July of 2021 was a much bigger 0.48%, the index fell big-time from 9.1% in June to 8.5%. Likewise, in August the 0.1% increase was less than the 0.30% gain in August of 2021, triggering a lesser fall to 8.3%. Put simply, the bigger month-over-month increase a year ago, the more the CPI will decline if the current month is flat. Those mechanics explain the decrease from 9.1% to 8.3% from June to August.

But 8.3% is still a huge and troubling number. So what do the mechanics tell us about where the CPI is headed in September, the last reading before the November elections? Let’s make the hopeful assumption that inflation runs at a 3% annual rate in September. That would add 0.25% to prices over August. Since the increase in September of 2021 was an almost identical 0.27%, inflation would remain precisely the same at that alarming 8.2%. Using the even rosier forecast that prices stay flat at August levels in September, the number isn’t much better at 8.0%. Bad readings are baked in for months to come. If prices rise at that 3% annualized rate through December, the CPI that month would register 7.6%, almost four times the Fed’s target.

Housing costs will keep inflation elevated for a long time

The Bureau of Labor Statistics methodology for measuring housing costs explains why they’re not fully reflected in the current index, and will keep it high for a long time. “Shelter” carries by far the biggest weight in the CPI at 32%, dwarfing No. 2–ranked food at 13%. The BLS uses two measures for the expense of “shelter,” based on surveys of 50,000 residences. The first is “rent of primary residence.” It’s what apartment dwellers or renters of single family homes are paying now, in the month that’s being measured. For homeowners, the BLS doesn’t use home prices, which have waxed at nearly 20% overall in the past year. Instead, it deploys “owner equivalent rents.” To get those numbers, the BLS takes what renters are now paying for apartments, and adjusts those payments for the size, age, renovations, and neighborhoods of homes to calculate what owners would pay to rent their abodes. Indeed, the growing institutional single family home rental market is a good gauge for that calculation.

That methodology accounts for the big lag between what people are paying right now on their current apartment leases, or a hypothetical lease for a single family home, and what a family pays right now for a new lease—in other words, the current, real-time cost of housing. For the past year, the Zillow rent index has been showing double-digit increases. As of August, the year-over-year number was 12.3%. Early this year, CPI dwelling cost increases were running at an annualized 3% and 4%. In August, the number was around 7%. “Here’s the difference between today’s housing costs and the CPI number,” Harvey explains. “If you signed a 12-month lease in October of 2021, your rent’s locked in until this October. New rents are rising in double-digits, but you’re not paying the extra costs. Then you get a new lease in October, and your rent jumps, say, 10%. You suffer that hit all at once.” Harvey says that those rolling increases, as more and more leases are renewed at much higher rents, will close the gap between the current CPI numbers and much higher rents in the marketplace, pushing the index higher.

A combination of rising rents and food prices will keep inflation entrenched

Housing costs are abating somewhat. In recent months, the Zillow increases are closer to around 10%. Still, that’s a lot higher than the 7% the CPI’s been reporting in the past couple of months. At one-third of the index, a 10% rise in “rents” equates to an annualized rise of 3% in the CPI, and for Harvey, recurring, built-in increases of that size are likely to last for up to a year. The rub is that energy, the famous force that’s held overall CPI constant in the past few months, is unlikely to make the same index-crunching contribution in the future. “Gasoline accounts for only 5% of the index, but it almost solely accounts for the slightly negative overall reading in July and August,” says Harvey. In August alone, gas fell 10.2%. “I don’t see that we’ll get the same weight of collapse again in the price of gas,” he adds.

On the other hand, food prices increased by an annual rate of almost 10% in August, on top of a jump of 13% in July. “I don’t see any indication that the rise in food prices is abating,” says Harvey. “The index may start rising again, unless we get another steep decrease in energy prices.” By mid-2023, Harvey predicts, inflation will still be running significantly above the Fed’s comfort level, at well over 4%. The main factor likely to keep the CPI rising is the catchup in those undercounted housing costs. That’s the spoiler the optimists are missing.

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