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美国通胀率再创新高,凯恩斯有话要说,列宁对此表示同意

美国通胀率再创新高,凯恩斯有话要说,列宁对此表示同意

彭博社 2022-06-18
据凯恩斯的观点,本轮通胀可能意味着美国资本主义的彻底瓦解。

随着食品和理发价格的攀升,以及假期开始时汽油价格的飙升,美国人对经济的前景感到悲观。

上周五公布的最新月度消费者价格指数上涨8.6%——40 年来的最高水平——大多数产品价格短期内不可能下降。

那么,这对消费者意味着什么呢?根据广受关注的英国经济学家约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯(John Maynard Keynes)的说法,这可能意味着美国资本主义的彻底瓦解。

唯一需要注意的是:凯恩斯在100多年前也发现了同样的现象——高通胀。

1919年,正值第一次世界大战和俄国革命时期,在欧洲通货膨胀肆虐之际,凯恩斯在发表《和平的经济后果》(The Economic Consequences of the Peace)一书后声名鹊起。在书中那个广为人知的段落里,他沉思了布尔什维克对资本主义的批评,尤其是对高通胀的批评。

凯恩斯写道:“据说列宁(Lenin)曾宣称,摧毁资本主义制度的最佳方式就是让货币贬值。通过持续的通货膨胀过程,政府可以在不被察觉的情况下秘密没收公民财富的重要组成部分。”

此外,他还表示,这种“对财富的任意重新整合”打击了人们的安全感和对经济制度的信心。他还解释说,当消费者看到资本家在他们遭受通货膨胀带来的痛苦的同时如何积累财富时,通货膨胀使消费者反对资本家——用他的话说就是“投机倒把者”。

然后,他以战争和革命以及随之而来的社会动荡为背景,讨论了20世纪10年代的通货膨胀问题。“列宁当然是对的。”他总结道。“要颠覆现有的社会基础,没有比让货币贬值更微妙、更可靠的手段了。”

凯恩斯的经济著作最终催生了“凯恩斯主义”(Keynesian)经济学派,他还在二战后的布雷顿森林会议(Bretton Woods conference)亲自参与了国际战后货币秩序的谈判。

但正是凯恩斯对通货膨胀问题的讨论才让他崭露头角。

有着21世纪20年代风格的货币贬值

凯恩斯写道,随着通货膨胀加剧,货币价值会出现不可预测的波动,持有货币的人和不持有货币的人之间的关系就会破裂。他说:“获得财富的过程退化成了赌博和彩票。”

21世纪20年代的美国人对货币贬值略知一二。

汽油是美国经济认同的核心,百年汽车文化构成了美国文化的基础。如今,全国范围内的汽油价格接近每加仑5美元,这是否预示着美国文化的分崩离析?

尽管天然气价格上涨归咎于多种因素——新冠肺炎疫情导致供需中断、俄乌冲突、能源企业增产困难以及价格欺诈的可能性——消费者已经开始抱怨。看看美国总统乔·拜登(Joe Biden)直线下降的支持率和密歇根大学(University of Michigan)消费者信心调查所显示的消费者信心稳步下滑就知道了,这反映了公众的担忧在与日俱增。

美国总统乔·拜登在上周的新闻发布会上说:“我们将能够按下开关,降低汽油成本的想法,在近期内不太可能实现。”然而,根据美国广播公司新闻网(ABC News)/益普索(Ipsos)的最新民意调查,只有四分之一的选民认为总统拜登能很好地应对不断上涨的油价。

保守派议员们正在深入研究这个问题。参议员约翰·肯尼迪(共和党-洛杉矶)周二在福克斯新闻(Fox News)的短暂露面中表示:“在我所在的州,汽油价格如此之高,以至于购买可卡因然后到处跑会更便宜。”

1919年,凯恩斯写道,尽管资本家可能首当其冲地承受着消费者的愤怒,但他们只是经济制度大规模失败表现出来的一个症状。“投机倒把者的出现是价格上涨的结果,而不是原因。”凯恩斯写道。

那么如何解决呢?凯恩斯说最终要靠政府来解决问题。

他写道:“然而,如果政府不进行监管,任由事情顺其自然,那么必需品的价格很快就会达到只有富人才能承受的水平,那么显而易见的是金钱变得毫无价值,而且对公众的欺诈再也无法掩盖了。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

随着食品和理发价格的攀升,以及假期开始时汽油价格的飙升,美国人对经济的前景感到悲观。

上周五公布的最新月度消费者价格指数上涨8.6%——40 年来的最高水平——大多数产品价格短期内不可能下降。

那么,这对消费者意味着什么呢?根据广受关注的英国经济学家约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯(John Maynard Keynes)的说法,这可能意味着美国资本主义的彻底瓦解。

唯一需要注意的是:凯恩斯在100多年前也发现了同样的现象——高通胀。

1919年,正值第一次世界大战和俄国革命时期,在欧洲通货膨胀肆虐之际,凯恩斯在发表《和平的经济后果》(The Economic Consequences of the Peace)一书后声名鹊起。在书中那个广为人知的段落里,他沉思了布尔什维克对资本主义的批评,尤其是对高通胀的批评。

凯恩斯写道:“据说列宁(Lenin)曾宣称,摧毁资本主义制度的最佳方式就是让货币贬值。通过持续的通货膨胀过程,政府可以在不被察觉的情况下秘密没收公民财富的重要组成部分。”

此外,他还表示,这种“对财富的任意重新整合”打击了人们的安全感和对经济制度的信心。他还解释说,当消费者看到资本家在他们遭受通货膨胀带来的痛苦的同时如何积累财富时,通货膨胀使消费者反对资本家——用他的话说就是“投机倒把者”。

然后,他以战争和革命以及随之而来的社会动荡为背景,讨论了20世纪10年代的通货膨胀问题。“列宁当然是对的。”他总结道。“要颠覆现有的社会基础,没有比让货币贬值更微妙、更可靠的手段了。”

凯恩斯的经济著作最终催生了“凯恩斯主义”(Keynesian)经济学派,他还在二战后的布雷顿森林会议(Bretton Woods conference)亲自参与了国际战后货币秩序的谈判。

但正是凯恩斯对通货膨胀问题的讨论才让他崭露头角。

有着21世纪20年代风格的货币贬值

凯恩斯写道,随着通货膨胀加剧,货币价值会出现不可预测的波动,持有货币的人和不持有货币的人之间的关系就会破裂。他说:“获得财富的过程退化成了赌博和彩票。”

21世纪20年代的美国人对货币贬值略知一二。

汽油是美国经济认同的核心,百年汽车文化构成了美国文化的基础。如今,全国范围内的汽油价格接近每加仑5美元,这是否预示着美国文化的分崩离析?

尽管天然气价格上涨归咎于多种因素——新冠肺炎疫情导致供需中断、俄乌冲突、能源企业增产困难以及价格欺诈的可能性——消费者已经开始抱怨。看看美国总统乔·拜登(Joe Biden)直线下降的支持率和密歇根大学(University of Michigan)消费者信心调查所显示的消费者信心稳步下滑就知道了,这反映了公众的担忧在与日俱增。

美国总统乔·拜登在上周的新闻发布会上说:“我们将能够按下开关,降低汽油成本的想法,在近期内不太可能实现。”然而,根据美国广播公司新闻网(ABC News)/益普索(Ipsos)的最新民意调查,只有四分之一的选民认为总统拜登能很好地应对不断上涨的油价。

保守派议员们正在深入研究这个问题。参议员约翰·肯尼迪(共和党-洛杉矶)周二在福克斯新闻(Fox News)的短暂露面中表示:“在我所在的州,汽油价格如此之高,以至于购买可卡因然后到处跑会更便宜。”

1919年,凯恩斯写道,尽管资本家可能首当其冲地承受着消费者的愤怒,但他们只是经济制度大规模失败表现出来的一个症状。“投机倒把者的出现是价格上涨的结果,而不是原因。”凯恩斯写道。

那么如何解决呢?凯恩斯说最终要靠政府来解决问题。

他写道:“然而,如果政府不进行监管,任由事情顺其自然,那么必需品的价格很快就会达到只有富人才能承受的水平,那么显而易见的是金钱变得毫无价值,而且对公众的欺诈再也无法掩盖了。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

As prices for groceries and haircuts climb, and as gasoline prices soar during the start of the vacation season, Americans are pessimistic about the economy’s future.

And with the latest monthly Consumer Price Index released on Friday showing an 8.6% gain—the highest in 40 years—most product prices are unlikely to decline any time soon.

So what does that mean for consumers? Maybe the total unraveling of American capitalism, according to the much-studied English economist John Maynard Keynes.

The only catch: Keynes was observing the same phenomenon—high inflation—over 100 years ago.

Writing in 1919, amid rampant inflation in Europe, during the era of World War I and the Russian Revolution, Keynes became well known after publishing The Economic Consequences of the Peace. It included one famous passage in which he mused about some of the Bolsheviks’ criticisms of capitalism, particularly about high inflation.

“Lenin is said to have declared that the best way to destroy the capitalist system was to debauch the currency,” Keynes wrote. “By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens.”

This “arbitrary rearrangement of riches,” he continued, strikes at both the security and confidence that people have in the economic system. He went on to explain that inflation turns consumers against capitalists—“profiteers,” in his words—when they see how those individuals accrue wealth while they suffer from inflation.

He then discussed inflation in the 1910s against the backdrop of war and revolution, and the social unrest that followed. “Lenin was certainly right,” he concluded. “There is no subtler, no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency.”

Keynes’ economic writing ultimately gave birth to a “Keynesian” school of economics, and he personally helped negotiate the international postwar monetary order at the Bretton Woods conference following World War II.

But it was Keynes’ discussion of inflation that first put him on the map.

Debauched currency, 2020s style

As inflation gets worse, Keynes wrote, and the value of currency fluctuates unpredictably, the relationships between those who hold that currency and those who don't falls apart. “And the process of wealth-getting degenerates into a gamble and a lottery," he said.

Americans in the 2020s know a thing or two about a debauched currency.

Gasoline is at the heart of U.S. economic identity, with a hundred-year-old car culture forming the basis of American culture. With it now just shy of $5 per gallon nationwide, cue the unraveling?

Though multiple factors are to blame for the rising gas prices—lingering supply and demand disruptions from COVID, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, energy companies having problems increasing production, and the possibility of price gouging—consumers have started to complain. Just look at President Joe Biden’s plummeting approval rating and steady declines in the University of Michigan consumer confidence survey, which reflects increasing public concern.

“The idea that we're going to be able to click a switch, bring down the cost of gasoline, it’s not likely in the near term,” President Joe Biden said at a press conference last week. Only a quarter of voters, however, believe that he’s handling rising gas prices well, according to a new ABC News/Ipsos poll.

Conservative lawmakers are sinking their teeth into the issue. “In my state, the price of gas is so high that it would be cheaper to buy cocaine and just run everywhere,” said Sen. John Kennedy (R-LA) in a brief appearance on Fox News on Tuesday.

In 1919, Keynes wrote that though capitalists may bear the brunt of consumer anger, they’re merely a symptom of the economic system's wider failing. “The profiteers are a consequence and not a cause of rising prices,” wrote Keynes.

So how to solve it? Keynes says it’s ultimately up to the government to sort things out.

“If, however,” he wrote, “a government refrains from regulation and allows matters to take their course, essential commodities soon attain a level of price out of the reach of all but the rich, the worthlessness of the money becomes apparent, and the fraud upon the public can be concealed no longer.”

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