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美国通胀到底还要持续多久,投资者看法不一

美国通胀到底还要持续多久,投资者看法不一

SHAWN TULLY 2022-04-18
美国人可能将在2027年4月面临比今天高出近20%的价格水平。

3月份,消费者物价指数为8.5%,这是40多年来的最高水平,引发了人们对美国长期高通货膨胀趋势的担忧,这让人们想起20世纪70年代中后期的情况。然而,那些消息灵通的投资者对通货膨胀的趋势做出押注,他们持有截然不同的观点。他们确实预计当前的中高个位数增长将在2022年的大部分时间持续。但此后,市场预测通货膨胀率将下降到2%左右(这实际上低于新冠肺炎疫情爆发前五年的平均水平)。

听起来让人放心,对吧?但事实并非如此。在突然的冲击中,持续到2023年的价格水平飙升会把杂货、租金、机票、汽油和家庭购物清单上的大多数主食的成本推至高位,高于新冠肺炎疫情前的水平。尽管通货膨胀率将从最高位逐渐下降,但美国人——根据债券市场的预测——将在2027年4月面临比今天高出近20%的价格水平。这是新冠肺炎疫情前五年增长的两倍。如果美联储行动太慢,通货膨胀预期变得根深蒂固,那么市场的预测可能会过于乐观,而生活成本会变得更高。佛罗里达大西洋大学经济学教授威廉·路德(William Luther)表示:“价格水平的飙升很可能是一锤子买卖,但仍然是一件大事。高通货膨胀并不是永久性的,除非美联储继续实施扩张性的货币和财政政策,而市场并不期望美联储继续实施扩张性的货币和财政政策。”但他指出,价格水平的飙升对家庭预算的突然打击是非常真实的。

美联储的预测仍然是令人难以置信地乐观,而市场预期会更糟

直到2021年12月,美联储公开市场委员会预计2022年全年的通货膨胀率仅为2.6%。(美联储首选的衡量指标不是消费者物价指数(以下简称CPI),而是个人消费支出价格指数(以下简称PCEPI),而PCEPI通常显示出略低的涨幅) 。3月份,美联储将通货膨胀率预期大幅上调至4.3%,但PCEPI在1月和2月的年化增长率为6.7%,并没有放缓的迹象。威廉·路德表示:“我认为今年全年通货膨胀率很容易超过5.5%。”美联储还提高了对2023年和2024年的预测,对2023年的预测从12月的2.3%上调至2.7%,这一估计更为合理,但仍可能被证明过于乐观。

尽管如此,美联储在预测通货膨胀方面似乎还是远远落后于通货膨胀曲线,就像它在对抗通货膨胀方面远远落后一样。央行预计未来五年PCEPI的年均增幅仅为2.48%。说得委婉一点,债券市场就不会同意。衡量投资者前景的最佳标准是五年期国债损益平衡通胀率,而五年期国债损益平衡通胀率表示的是五年期国债收益率与国债通货膨胀调整证券或通货膨胀保值债券(TIPs)所表示的“实际”利率之间的差额。这一差额,或未来五年的预期年平均通货膨胀率,就是损益平衡数字。虽然损益平衡数字基于CPI,但威廉·路德使用美联储青睐的标准将其调整为可比较的PCEPI读数。

但市场设定的五年损益平衡通胀率为3.61%。威廉·路德表示:“到2027年春季,债券市场预计每年的通货膨胀率将比美联储的预测高1.1个百分点,这对美联储来说是一个很大的失误,包括美联储认为今年通货膨胀率将仅为4.3%。”假设2022年价格上涨6.5%,略低于1月和2月的PCEPI数据。从2023年4月到2027年4月,PCEPI仍需要以平均每年3%的速度增长,才能达到3.61%的平均增幅。这比新冠肺炎疫情来袭使美联储走上宽松货币政策之前的五年中的常态高出1个点和50%。

尽管出现了一次性上涨,但市场预计未来几年通货膨胀率将大幅下降

当然,市场真正预测的通货膨胀率将在未来几年内从今天的高点迅速回落。今年6.5%的飙升,然后是2023年的3%,这意味着五年后该轨迹应该达到2%的中低水平。从那时起,投资者将押注更低的数字。还有一个十年期国债损益平衡通胀率,预测在接下来的几年里,从2027年到2032年,价格将每年适度上涨2%,正好达到美联储的目标。

这似乎是一个相对令人满意的结果。但请记住,一旦我们在2024年达到2%的通货膨胀率,并在几年后下降到更低水平,这些增长将超过在2021年底到明年部分时间甚至大部分时间的一次性飙升。正如我们已经看到的那样,薪水的逐步上涨与加油站和收银台的价格飙升并不匹配。尽管通货膨胀可能会回落到原来的水平,但当前事件将对美国的家庭造成持久伤害。

如果事情变得比市场预测的还要糟糕怎么办?

威廉·路德最好的赌注是市场对未来通货膨胀趋势的估计是正确的。他表示:“投资者有强烈的动机来做出正确的预测,所以这是最有可能得到的结果。”不过,他担心,尽管自去年底以来美联储将其前景从自满转向严重担忧,但它并没有怎么加强政策,并且仍在发布乐观预测。 他表示:“考虑一下通货膨胀的来源,美联储谈了很多关于供应链限制的话题,俄乌冲突推高了大宗商品价格。但供应限制已经在缓和。这些因素并不能解释我们正在经历的大部分通货膨胀。其实主要原因是新冠肺炎疫情救济政策的实施,使得大量资金搅动经济。”

然而,他说美联储是在慢跑,而不是在赛跑。它坚持逐步加息的温和道路,并通过缩减资产负债表来进行“量化紧缩”,从而希望缩减信贷。威廉·路德都不确定这些政策是否足够强大能够防止通货膨胀比投资者预期的持续时间更长,更别提美联储了。他说:“想象一下,你想从佛罗里达州开车到俄亥俄州,你现在在印第安纳州,但由于距离太远,你无法准时到达目的地。这不是美联储的境况。美联储的境况更像是他们在阿尔伯塔省想要前往俄亥俄州。如果他们走得太慢,很快就会像他们在阿拉斯加州一样。”

威廉·路德担心出现这样的情况:美联储会持续拖延,不采取强硬行动,而拖延时间太长以至于企业失去信心,并确信通货膨胀将继续居高不下,远远超过市场现在的预测。这种信念会产生一种自我实现的结果,即公司将不断攀升的价格纳入其销售合同,而他们的供应商则提高其投入价格作为回应。然后,我们不仅可以看到几乎每个人都预期会出现的暂时性的一次性价格飙升,而且可以看到多年的巨额增长,使得美国家庭的财富下降。(财富中文网)

译者:ZHY

3月份,消费者物价指数为8.5%,这是40多年来的最高水平,引发了人们对美国长期高通货膨胀趋势的担忧,这让人们想起20世纪70年代中后期的情况。然而,那些消息灵通的投资者对通货膨胀的趋势做出押注,他们持有截然不同的观点。他们确实预计当前的中高个位数增长将在2022年的大部分时间持续。但此后,市场预测通货膨胀率将下降到2%左右(这实际上低于新冠肺炎疫情爆发前五年的平均水平)。

听起来让人放心,对吧?但事实并非如此。在突然的冲击中,持续到2023年的价格水平飙升会把杂货、租金、机票、汽油和家庭购物清单上的大多数主食的成本推至高位,高于新冠肺炎疫情前的水平。尽管通货膨胀率将从最高位逐渐下降,但美国人——根据债券市场的预测——将在2027年4月面临比今天高出近20%的价格水平。这是新冠肺炎疫情前五年增长的两倍。如果美联储行动太慢,通货膨胀预期变得根深蒂固,那么市场的预测可能会过于乐观,而生活成本会变得更高。佛罗里达大西洋大学经济学教授威廉·路德(William Luther)表示:“价格水平的飙升很可能是一锤子买卖,但仍然是一件大事。高通货膨胀并不是永久性的,除非美联储继续实施扩张性的货币和财政政策,而市场并不期望美联储继续实施扩张性的货币和财政政策。”但他指出,价格水平的飙升对家庭预算的突然打击是非常真实的。

美联储的预测仍然是令人难以置信地乐观,而市场预期会更糟

直到2021年12月,美联储公开市场委员会预计2022年全年的通货膨胀率仅为2.6%。(美联储首选的衡量指标不是消费者物价指数(以下简称CPI),而是个人消费支出价格指数(以下简称PCEPI),而PCEPI通常显示出略低的涨幅) 。3月份,美联储将通货膨胀率预期大幅上调至4.3%,但PCEPI在1月和2月的年化增长率为6.7%,并没有放缓的迹象。威廉·路德表示:“我认为今年全年通货膨胀率很容易超过5.5%。”美联储还提高了对2023年和2024年的预测,对2023年的预测从12月的2.3%上调至2.7%,这一估计更为合理,但仍可能被证明过于乐观。

尽管如此,美联储在预测通货膨胀方面似乎还是远远落后于通货膨胀曲线,就像它在对抗通货膨胀方面远远落后一样。央行预计未来五年PCEPI的年均增幅仅为2.48%。说得委婉一点,债券市场就不会同意。衡量投资者前景的最佳标准是五年期国债损益平衡通胀率,而五年期国债损益平衡通胀率表示的是五年期国债收益率与国债通货膨胀调整证券或通货膨胀保值债券(TIPs)所表示的“实际”利率之间的差额。这一差额,或未来五年的预期年平均通货膨胀率,就是损益平衡数字。虽然损益平衡数字基于CPI,但威廉·路德使用美联储青睐的标准将其调整为可比较的PCEPI读数。

但市场设定的五年损益平衡通胀率为3.61%。威廉·路德表示:“到2027年春季,债券市场预计每年的通货膨胀率将比美联储的预测高1.1个百分点,这对美联储来说是一个很大的失误,包括美联储认为今年通货膨胀率将仅为4.3%。”假设2022年价格上涨6.5%,略低于1月和2月的PCEPI数据。从2023年4月到2027年4月,PCEPI仍需要以平均每年3%的速度增长,才能达到3.61%的平均增幅。这比新冠肺炎疫情来袭使美联储走上宽松货币政策之前的五年中的常态高出1个点和50%。

尽管出现了一次性上涨,但市场预计未来几年通货膨胀率将大幅下降

当然,市场真正预测的通货膨胀率将在未来几年内从今天的高点迅速回落。今年6.5%的飙升,然后是2023年的3%,这意味着五年后该轨迹应该达到2%的中低水平。从那时起,投资者将押注更低的数字。还有一个十年期国债损益平衡通胀率,预测在接下来的几年里,从2027年到2032年,价格将每年适度上涨2%,正好达到美联储的目标。

这似乎是一个相对令人满意的结果。但请记住,一旦我们在2024年达到2%的通货膨胀率,并在几年后下降到更低水平,这些增长将超过在2021年底到明年部分时间甚至大部分时间的一次性飙升。正如我们已经看到的那样,薪水的逐步上涨与加油站和收银台的价格飙升并不匹配。尽管通货膨胀可能会回落到原来的水平,但当前事件将对美国的家庭造成持久伤害。

如果事情变得比市场预测的还要糟糕怎么办?

威廉·路德最好的赌注是市场对未来通货膨胀趋势的估计是正确的。他表示:“投资者有强烈的动机来做出正确的预测,所以这是最有可能得到的结果。”不过,他担心,尽管自去年底以来美联储将其前景从自满转向严重担忧,但它并没有怎么加强政策,并且仍在发布乐观预测。 他表示:“考虑一下通货膨胀的来源,美联储谈了很多关于供应链限制的话题,俄乌冲突推高了大宗商品价格。但供应限制已经在缓和。这些因素并不能解释我们正在经历的大部分通货膨胀。其实主要原因是新冠肺炎疫情救济政策的实施,使得大量资金搅动经济。”

然而,他说美联储是在慢跑,而不是在赛跑。它坚持逐步加息的温和道路,并通过缩减资产负债表来进行“量化紧缩”,从而希望缩减信贷。威廉·路德都不确定这些政策是否足够强大能够防止通货膨胀比投资者预期的持续时间更长,更别提美联储了。他说:“想象一下,你想从佛罗里达州开车到俄亥俄州,你现在在印第安纳州,但由于距离太远,你无法准时到达目的地。这不是美联储的境况。美联储的境况更像是他们在阿尔伯塔省想要前往俄亥俄州。如果他们走得太慢,很快就会像他们在阿拉斯加州一样。”

威廉·路德担心出现这样的情况:美联储会持续拖延,不采取强硬行动,而拖延时间太长以至于企业失去信心,并确信通货膨胀将继续居高不下,远远超过市场现在的预测。这种信念会产生一种自我实现的结果,即公司将不断攀升的价格纳入其销售合同,而他们的供应商则提高其投入价格作为回应。然后,我们不仅可以看到几乎每个人都预期会出现的暂时性的一次性价格飙升,而且可以看到多年的巨额增长,使得美国家庭的财富下降。(财富中文网)

译者:ZHY

The CPI print of 8.5% in March, the highest reading in over four decades, has stoked fears that the U.S. is entering a prolonged period of high inflation reminiscent of the mid-to-late 1970s. The investors who make well-informed bets on where inflation's heading, however, take a very different view. They're indeed expecting the current run of mid-to-high single digit increases to persist through most of 2022. But thereafter, the markets are forecasting a tapering to around the 2% range (that's actually below the average for the five years preceding the onset of the COVID).

Sounds reassuring, right? Not really. The jackrabbit leaps that will continue well into 2023 will lift the the cost of groceries, rents, air fares, gasoline and most of the staples on families' shopping lists to a plateau high above pre-pandemic levels, in sudden shocks. Even though inflation will taper down from there, Americans––according to what the bond markets predict––will face a price level in April of 2027 that's almost 20% above today's. That's double the increase in the half decade preceding the pandemic. And if the Fed moves too slowly, and inflationary expectations become entrenched, it could turn out that the markets are taking too rosy a view, and that the cost-of-living plateau goes even higher. "The surge in the price level would well be a one-shot deal, but still a big deal," says William Luther, an economics professor at Florida Atlantic University. "High inflation isn't permanent, unless the Fed continues to engage in expansionist monetary and fiscal policy, which the markets don't expect." But the sudden hit to family budgets, he notes, is very real.

The Fed's projections are still incredibly rosy, and the markets expect worse

As late as December of 2021, the Federal Reserve's Open Market Committee was projecting inflation of just 2.6% for all of 2022. (The Fed's preferred measure is not the CPI, but the Personal Consumption Expenditure Price Index PCEPI that typically shows slightly lower increases.) In March, the Fed raised its estimate substantially to 4.3%. But the PCEPI's been running at an annualized rate of 6.7% in January and February, with no signs of slowing. "I think the number could easily exceed 5.5% for the entire year," says Luther. The Fed's also raised its predictions for 2023 and 2024, the former from 2.3% in December to 2.7%, estimates that are more reasonable but could still prove overly optimistic.

Still, the Fed's seems as far behind the curve in forecasting inflation as in fighting it. The central bank's foresees average annual increases in the PCEPI over the next five years of just 2.48%. To put it mildly, the bond markets disagree. The best gauge of investors' outlook is the Five Year Treasury Breakeven Rate, representing the the difference between the yield on the 5-year Treasury note and the "real" rate as expressed by the on Treasury Inflation Adjusted Securities, or TIPs. The difference, or expected average yearly inflation over the next half-decade, is the breakeven figure. While the breakeven number is based on the CPI, Luther adjusts it to the comparable PCEPI reading, using the yardstick the Fed favors.

But the five year breakeven rate set by the market is 3.61%. "The bond market's predicting 1.1 points more inflation per year than the Fed through the spring of 2027," says Luther. "That's a big miss on the Fed's part, including its view that the number will be just 4.3% this year." Let's say prices rise 6.5% in 2022, slightly below the PCEPI numbers for January and February. The PCEPI would still need to wax at an average of 3% a year from April of 2023 to April of 2027 to reach an average increase of 3.61%. That's one point and 50% higher than the norm in the five years before COVID onslaught sent the Fed on its easy money course.

Despite the one-time jump, the markets expect inflation to drop substantially in the years ahead

Of course, what the markets are really predicting tis hat inflation will taper down rapidly from today's highs over the next couple of years. A 6.5% sprint this year followed by 3% in 2023 means the trajectory should reach the mid-to-low 2%s five years hence. And from there on investors are wagering on even lower numbers. There's also a Ten Year Treasury Breakeven Rate, and it's predicting that in the out years, from 2027 to 2032, prices will rise a modest 2% a year, right at the Fed's target.

That would appear a relatively happy outcome. But keep in mind, once we get to mid-2% inflation in, say, 2024, and drop even lower a few years later, those increases will come on top of the giant one-shot increase from late 2021 through part or even most of next year. As we've already seen, the gradual rise in paychecks isn't matching the spike in prices at the pump and check out counter. Even though inflation will probably retreat to its old levels, the current episode will inflict lasting damage on America's families.

What if things get worse than even the market's predicting?

Luther's best bet is that the market's are correctly estimating the future course of inflation. "Investors have a strong incentive to get that forecast right, so it's the most likely outcome," he says. Nevertheless, he's concerned that though the Fed's shifted its outlook from complacency to grave concern since late last year, it hasn't much hardened its policies, and is still issuing bluebird forecasts. "Consider the sources of inflation," he says. "The Fed talked a lot about supply chain constraints, and the war in Ukraine lifted commodity prices. But the supply restrictions are already easing. Those factors don't explain a huge chunk of the inflation we're experiencing. The main cause is the pandemic relief policies that left gigantic amounts of money sloshing around in the economy."

Yet, he says, the Fed is jogging, not racing. It's sticking to a moderate path of gradually raising rates and embracing "quantitative tightening" by shrinking its balance sheet, and hence hopefully shrinking credit. Luther isn't sure those policies are strong enough to keep inflation from running hot longer than the investors expect, let alone the Fed. "Imagine you're driving from Florida to Ohio, and you're in Indiana but still too far away to get to your destination on time," he says. "That's not the Fed's position. It's more like they're in Alberta headed for Ohio. And if they go too slowly, it could soon be like they're in Alaska."

Luther fears a scenario where the Fed keeps delaying tough action so long that businesses lose faith, and become convinced inflation will remain higher, far longer than the markets are now predicting. That conviction would breed a self-fulfilling outcome where companies build escalating prices into their sales contracts, and their suppliers lift their input prices in response. Then, we could see not just the big one-off almost everyone expects is temporary, but years of outsized increases that grind down the fortunes of America's families.

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