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一位美国80后的困境:进入不惑之年后生活越发艰难

一位美国80后的困境:进入不惑之年后生活越发艰难

Megan Leonhardt 2022-02-25
新冠疫情给千禧一代的职业带来了巨大冲击。

查尔斯·布莱恩特将于下个月迎来40岁的生日,但从某种程度上讲,他的职业道路感觉就像是回到了高中毕业伊始。他当前的处境与其心目中这个年龄段的生活状态可谓是相距甚远。

布莱恩特是纽约人,如今住在特拉华州,曾经担任一家酒店的经理,但酒店却因为新冠疫情而关停。他不得不暂时解雇了酒店40名员工中的36名,而酒店在新冠疫情期间也成为了无家可归人群的临时避难所。在承受了一段时间的减薪之后,他选择了离职。布莱恩特对《财富》杂志说:“受新冠疫情影响,我此前10年在职业方面创造的所有良好态势戛然而止。”

与父母同住、靠积蓄和政府经济刺激津贴度日的布莱恩特仍然在寻找就业机会。他甚至拿到了地产经纪人牌照,但销售线索转化为业绩十分缓慢。最终,2021年10月,布莱恩特被一家大型零售商聘请为运营经理。

图片来源:Photo courtesy of Charles Bryant

布莱恩特是一位退伍军人,这些年来曾经供职于多个行业,如今,他再次踏上了一段崭新的职业旅程。布莱恩特在谈论获得这份工作时说:“我还没有摆脱困境,但我看到了一丝希望。”

然而,过去二十年为打拼事业所遭遇的艰辛也并非没有代价。布莱恩特表示:“我是那种会制定五年计划、十年计划的人。我希望能够实现既定目标。”他说,所有人都梦想着长大,然后买房,生几个孩子,养一条狗。然而,离婚以及与父母同居的现实让他感到十分烦恼。

他还说:“我养过几条很酷的狗。我也曾经有过几套不错的住房,但我没有保住它们,而且如今我变得一贫如洗。我不得不变卖、牺牲或丢弃曾经的一切,而且只能随波逐流地走到了今天这个境地。”

布莱恩特称:“我遵从了社会所制定的规则,参与了这场游戏,并上了学,而且成绩非常好。对于我所从事的每一份工作,我都非常卖力,但我的所得并不成正比,让我感到非常不公。”

连绵不断的挫折

新冠疫情给千禧一代的职业带来了巨大冲击,而且这种影响和恢复对于布莱恩特这样的美国黑人来说异常困难。问题在于,这并非是这类人群第一次遭遇这种情况。更年长一点的千禧一代,也就是1981年至1989年出生的那群人,曾经经历过一系列让其事业和财务遭到严重冲击的重大事件,包括9·11、2008年的金融危机、大衰退(Great Recession),以及如今的新冠疫情。

布莱恩特说:“过去数年中长期存在的这种不确定性让这一局面雪上加霜。一直以来过的十分艰难。”2000年高中毕业之后,布莱恩特被北卡罗来纳大学格林斯伯勒分校(University of North Carolina at Greensboro)录取,但在毕业之前就离开了学校。他加入了军队,2006年至2012年期间曾经在伊拉克和阿富汗服过役。

布莱恩特表示:“我一直憧憬自己可以成为家里的顶梁柱,就像我的父亲一样,而且我有这个机会来实现这一愿望。”然而,布莱恩特却生不逢时。他说:“我离开了战场,回到家后便出现了房市泡沫。为了谋生,我从一名军队士兵变成了7-11便利店和塔可贝尔(Taco Bell)的工作人员。”

不幸的是,布莱恩特并不是个例。2010年,在大衰退最严重的时期,20岁至24岁的年龄段人群中有17.2%处于失业状态。这样的失业率影响长远。美国进步中心(Center for American Progress)估计,这些较为年轻的工人在未来10年中损失了214亿美元的收入,相当于每人近2.2万美元的损失。

千禧一代的薪资已经数年未见增长,即便就业率恢复之后亦是如此。无党派智库新美国基金会(New America)在2019年的报告显示,事实上在同一年龄时,千禧一代相比婴儿潮一代的薪资要低20%,不过前者的整体受教育程度却高于后者。

布莱恩特说:“似乎每隔5年至6年,当我们刚刚摆脱困境,或至少看到了一丝希望时,就会发生一些事情,把我们打回原形。”

债务负担令局面雪上加霜

千禧一代不仅面临着严峻的劳动力市场和停滞不前的薪资,很多人还背负着学生债,而且是比以前几代人更为沉重的学生债。

皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)称,在1998年至2016年期间,美国背负不同程度学生债的家庭数量翻了一番。2016年,20岁至35岁人群的学生债金额中值为1.9万美元。作为上代人,在相同年龄时,X一代的学生债中值为1.28万美元。

布莱恩特于2015年重返学校学习市场营销,并于2019年完成了学业。他说:“此举最终带来了更多的债务。”尽管他享受了美国军人的福利,但依然欠下了近4.2万美元的学生债,而且还有2700美元的信用卡债务没有还。

益博睿(Experian)的2021年信用状况报告(2021 State of Credit)显示,总的来说,不计房贷,千禧一代的平均负债额约为28317美元。该报告将千禧一代定义为在1982年至1995年之间出生的人群。如果算上房贷,千禧一代的负债均值就会达到255527美元/人。

然而很多像布莱恩特的千禧一代并未购买房产。布莱恩特当前依然与父母同住,但也在考虑购置自有房产。事实上,房价一直在飙升,而创下历史新低的房产供应更是火上浇油。

布莱恩特还表示:“周边的经济适用房资源可谓是少得可怜”,即便以我现在的薪资来说亦是如此。尽管他的年薪达到了7万美元,但布莱恩特称:“从方方面面来考虑,这点薪资只够日常开销。”

当然,并非所有的千禧一代都处于水深火热之中。这一代人数量庞大,而且很多人都已经改善了其境遇。益博睿的研究显示,X一代所背负的个人债务要高于千禧一代的平均水平。

益博睿的消费者教育与认知高级总监罗德·格里芬称:“我们最近的研究显示,千禧一代已经减少了其信贷资金利用率,而且其信贷拖欠率也在逐年下降,这是一件好事。”

飘忽不定的未来

这种定期出现的暗潮让布莱恩特难以规划未来,并为之攒钱。尽管当前的雇主为其提供401(K)计划,而且他自己也为此缴纳费用,但他如今并没有一个稳固的退休福利计划。尽管退役军人的身份会给他带来一些福利,但他服役时间较短,还拿不到养老金。

布莱恩特表示,到目前为止,他的退休计划就是最大化利用自己的工作或其家人的副业,然后干到干不动为止。他说:“当你20多岁的时候,你刚刚步入社会,生活才刚刚开始。我并没有这种感觉,但我会努力追赶。”

然而,布莱恩特确实担心,如果没有房子和一大笔遗产,自己到底能够给两个女儿留点什么。他说:“我只是尽我所能朝着好的方面去想,我真的希望我的孩子可以理解,我无法给予她们很多,但我会把自己拥有的一切都给她们。”

布莱恩特并非是个例。尽管众多千禧一代已经开始为未来攒钱,但38%的千禧一代感觉自己还没有为退休做好准备,这一比例在NAFA调查的数代人中居于首位。约13%的人认为,自己永远不会退休,而另有18%的千禧一代也没有制定退休计划。

到了40岁,富达公司(Fidelity)建议自己手头现有的退休存款应该是其年薪的三倍。美国人口调查局(U.S. Census Bureau)的最新数据显示,2020年,年龄35岁至44岁人群的收入中值为85694美元,三倍便是略多于25.7万美元。然而,2021年8月发布的《21世纪年度泛美退休调查》(21st Annual Transamerica Retirement Survey)称,千禧一代为其退休攒下的费用平均约为6.8万美元。

不过,尽管面临着各种负担,但布莱恩特称自己会找到解决办法。要说他从这些挫折中学到了什么,那就是如何生存。布莱恩特在谈及其未来计划时表示:“年龄会带来智慧,而且我的视野更加宽广。我可以反思自己曾经遇到的诸多挑战,以及自己已经走过的那些坎坷道路,我觉得自己更有毅力了。”(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

查尔斯·布莱恩特将于下个月迎来40岁的生日,但从某种程度上讲,他的职业道路感觉就像是回到了高中毕业伊始。他当前的处境与其心目中这个年龄段的生活状态可谓是相距甚远。

布莱恩特是纽约人,如今住在特拉华州,曾经担任一家酒店的经理,但酒店却因为新冠疫情而关停。他不得不暂时解雇了酒店40名员工中的36名,而酒店在新冠疫情期间也成为了无家可归人群的临时避难所。在承受了一段时间的减薪之后,他选择了离职。布莱恩特对《财富》杂志说:“受新冠疫情影响,我此前10年在职业方面创造的所有良好态势戛然而止。”

与父母同住、靠积蓄和政府经济刺激津贴度日的布莱恩特仍然在寻找就业机会。他甚至拿到了地产经纪人牌照,但销售线索转化为业绩十分缓慢。最终,2021年10月,布莱恩特被一家大型零售商聘请为运营经理。

布莱恩特是一位退伍军人,这些年来曾经供职于多个行业,如今,他再次踏上了一段崭新的职业旅程。布莱恩特在谈论获得这份工作时说:“我还没有摆脱困境,但我看到了一丝希望。”

然而,过去二十年为打拼事业所遭遇的艰辛也并非没有代价。布莱恩特表示:“我是那种会制定五年计划、十年计划的人。我希望能够实现既定目标。”他说,所有人都梦想着长大,然后买房,生几个孩子,养一条狗。然而,离婚以及与父母同居的现实让他感到十分烦恼。

他还说:“我养过几条很酷的狗。我也曾经有过几套不错的住房,但我没有保住它们,而且如今我变得一贫如洗。我不得不变卖、牺牲或丢弃曾经的一切,而且只能随波逐流地走到了今天这个境地。”

布莱恩特称:“我遵从了社会所制定的规则,参与了这场游戏,并上了学,而且成绩非常好。对于我所从事的每一份工作,我都非常卖力,但我的所得并不成正比,让我感到非常不公。”

连绵不断的挫折

新冠疫情给千禧一代的职业带来了巨大冲击,而且这种影响和恢复对于布莱恩特这样的美国黑人来说异常困难。问题在于,这并非是这类人群第一次遭遇这种情况。更年长一点的千禧一代,也就是1981年至1989年出生的那群人,曾经经历过一系列让其事业和财务遭到严重冲击的重大事件,包括9·11、2008年的金融危机、大衰退(Great Recession),以及如今的新冠疫情。

布莱恩特说:“过去数年中长期存在的这种不确定性让这一局面雪上加霜。一直以来过的十分艰难。”2000年高中毕业之后,布莱恩特被北卡罗来纳大学格林斯伯勒分校(University of North Carolina at Greensboro)录取,但在毕业之前就离开了学校。他加入了军队,2006年至2012年期间曾经在伊拉克和阿富汗服过役。

布莱恩特表示:“我一直憧憬自己可以成为家里的顶梁柱,就像我的父亲一样,而且我有这个机会来实现这一愿望。”然而,布莱恩特却生不逢时。他说:“我离开了战场,回到家后便出现了房市泡沫。为了谋生,我从一名军队士兵变成了7-11便利店和塔可贝尔(Taco Bell)的工作人员。”

不幸的是,布莱恩特并不是个例。2010年,在大衰退最严重的时期,20岁至24岁的年龄段人群中有17.2%处于失业状态。这样的失业率影响长远。美国进步中心(Center for American Progress)估计,这些较为年轻的工人在未来10年中损失了214亿美元的收入,相当于每人近2.2万美元的损失。

千禧一代的薪资已经数年未见增长,即便就业率恢复之后亦是如此。无党派智库新美国基金会(New America)在2019年的报告显示,事实上在同一年龄时,千禧一代相比婴儿潮一代的薪资要低20%,不过前者的整体受教育程度却高于后者。

布莱恩特说:“似乎每隔5年至6年,当我们刚刚摆脱困境,或至少看到了一丝希望时,就会发生一些事情,把我们打回原形。”

债务负担令局面雪上加霜

千禧一代不仅面临着严峻的劳动力市场和停滞不前的薪资,很多人还背负着学生债,而且是比以前几代人更为沉重的学生债。

皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)称,在1998年至2016年期间,美国背负不同程度学生债的家庭数量翻了一番。2016年,20岁至35岁人群的学生债金额中值为1.9万美元。作为上代人,在相同年龄时,X一代的学生债中值为1.28万美元。

布莱恩特于2015年重返学校学习市场营销,并于2019年完成了学业。他说:“此举最终带来了更多的债务。”尽管他享受了美国军人的福利,但依然欠下了近4.2万美元的学生债,而且还有2700美元的信用卡债务没有还。

益博睿(Experian)的2021年信用状况报告(2021 State of Credit)显示,总的来说,不计房贷,千禧一代的平均负债额约为28317美元。该报告将千禧一代定义为在1982年至1995年之间出生的人群。如果算上房贷,千禧一代的负债均值就会达到255527美元/人。

然而很多像布莱恩特的千禧一代并未购买房产。布莱恩特当前依然与父母同住,但也在考虑购置自有房产。事实上,房价一直在飙升,而创下历史新低的房产供应更是火上浇油。

布莱恩特还表示:“周边的经济适用房资源可谓是少得可怜”,即便以我现在的薪资来说亦是如此。尽管他的年薪达到了7万美元,但布莱恩特称:“从方方面面来考虑,这点薪资只够日常开销。”

当然,并非所有的千禧一代都处于水深火热之中。这一代人数量庞大,而且很多人都已经改善了其境遇。益博睿的研究显示,X一代所背负的个人债务要高于千禧一代的平均水平。

益博睿的消费者教育与认知高级总监罗德·格里芬称:“我们最近的研究显示,千禧一代已经减少了其信贷资金利用率,而且其信贷拖欠率也在逐年下降,这是一件好事。”

飘忽不定的未来

这种定期出现的暗潮让布莱恩特难以规划未来,并为之攒钱。尽管当前的雇主为其提供401(K)计划,而且他自己也为此缴纳费用,但他如今并没有一个稳固的退休福利计划。尽管退役军人的身份会给他带来一些福利,但他服役时间较短,还拿不到养老金。

布莱恩特表示,到目前为止,他的退休计划就是最大化利用自己的工作或其家人的副业,然后干到干不动为止。他说:“当你20多岁的时候,你刚刚步入社会,生活才刚刚开始。我并没有这种感觉,但我会努力追赶。”

然而,布莱恩特确实担心,如果没有房子和一大笔遗产,自己到底能够给两个女儿留点什么。他说:“我只是尽我所能朝着好的方面去想,我真的希望我的孩子可以理解,我无法给予她们很多,但我会把自己拥有的一切都给她们。”

布莱恩特并非是个例。尽管众多千禧一代已经开始为未来攒钱,但38%的千禧一代感觉自己还没有为退休做好准备,这一比例在NAFA调查的数代人中居于首位。约13%的人认为,自己永远不会退休,而另有18%的千禧一代也没有制定退休计划。

到了40岁,富达公司(Fidelity)建议自己手头现有的退休存款应该是其年薪的三倍。美国人口调查局(U.S. Census Bureau)的最新数据显示,2020年,年龄35岁至44岁人群的收入中值为85694美元,三倍便是略多于25.7万美元。然而,2021年8月发布的《21世纪年度泛美退休调查》(21st Annual Transamerica Retirement Survey)称,千禧一代为其退休攒下的费用平均约为6.8万美元。

不过,尽管面临着各种负担,但布莱恩特称自己会找到解决办法。要说他从这些挫折中学到了什么,那就是如何生存。布莱恩特在谈及其未来计划时表示:“年龄会带来智慧,而且我的视野更加宽广。我可以反思自己曾经遇到的诸多挑战,以及自己已经走过的那些坎坷道路,我觉得自己更有毅力了。”(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

Charles Bryant is turning 40 next month, but in some ways, his career path feels like he’s just graduating high school again. And he’s nowhere near where he expected to be at this point in his life.

A New York native now living in Delaware, Bryant was working as a hotel manager when the pandemic shut down operations. He had to furlough 36 out of the hotel’s 40 employees and the property turned into a temporary homeless shelter during the pandemic. After taking a pay cut for a while, he eventually left. “The pandemic halted all the positive momentum I had built professionally in the 10 years prior,” Bryant tells Fortune.

Living with his parents and living off of savings and stimulus checks, Bryant continued to look around for opportunities. He even got a real estate license, but the leads were slow to materialize. Finally, in October 2021, Bryant secured a job as an operations manager for a major retailer.

Now Bryant—a military veteran who has held jobs in several industries over the years— is starting over on a completely new career path yet again. “I'm not above water yet, but I feel like I can see the light at the surface,” Bryant says of landing the job.

But the struggle over the last two decades to eke out a career has taken its toll. “I was one of those guys that had a five-year, 10-year plan. I wanted to be at a certain place,” Bryant says. Everyone, he says, dreams of growing up and owning a home with 2.5 kids and a dog. The reality of being divorced and living with his parents is troubling to him.

“I've had some really cool dogs. I've had a couple of nice houses, but I haven't been able to maintain that and I don't have anything of my own. I've had to either sell, sacrifice or lose, just to kind of stay afloat to get to this point,” he adds.

“I followed the rules that they gave us. I played the game and went to school and I did very well. Every job I’ve worked, I've worked very hard and it didn't pay off,” Bryant says. “It feels very unfair.”

The latest in a series of setbacks

The pandemic hit millennials’ careers hard—and the impact and recovery has been particularly difficult for Black Americans like Bryant. The problem is, it’s not the first setback this cohort has experienced. Older millennials, those born 1981 to 1989, have experienced a number of pivotal events that have left their adult careers and finances more vulnerable, including 9/11, the financial crisis in 2008, the Great Recession and now the COVID-19 pandemic.

“This whole period of uncertainty over the past couple of years just has kind of been the icing on a really bad cake. It's been tough,” Bryant says. After graduating high school in 2000, Bryant attended University of North Carolina at Greensboro, but left school before graduating. He joined the military and served in both Iraq and Afghanistan from 2006 to 2012.

“I always envisioned myself as the family provider, like my dad was, you know, so this was my chance to do that,” Bryant says. But timing was against him. “I came home from combat and the housing bubble had happened,” he says. “I went from being a soldier in the army to working at 7-Eleven and Taco Bell trying to make ends meet.”

Unfortunately, Bryant’s experience is not atypical. In 2010, during the height of the Great Recession, 17.2% of those ages 20 to 24 were out of work. That unemployment had long-term consequences, with the Center for American Progress estimating that those younger workers lost out on $21.4 billion in earnings over the next 10 years, or about $22,000 less per person.

Millennial wages continued to be stagnant for years after that even once employment rates recovered. In fact, millennials earn about 20% less than baby boomers did at the same age, despite being a better-educated generation overall, according to a 2019 report from the nonpartisan think tank New America.

“It seems like every five or six years we kind of get back to that above-water phase or at least seeing the surface of that water, and then something just drags us back down,” Bryant says.

Debt burden isn’t helping

Not only have millennials faced tough labor markets and stagnant wages, many carried student loan debt—more so than previous generations.

Between 1998 and 2016, the number of U.S. households holding some type of student loan debt doubled, according to Pew Research Center. Those between the ages of ages 20 to 35 in 2016 had a median student loan balance of $19,000. A generation earlier, Gen Xers had about $12,800 in student loan debt at those same ages.

Bryant went back to school for marketing in 2015 and wrapped up his coursework in 2019. “That kind of turned into a whole bunch more debt,” he says. Despite taking advantage of GI benefits, he still has nearly $42,000 in outstanding student loans. And he has another roughly $2,700 in credit card debt.

Overall, the average millennial carries about $28,317 in debt, not including mortgages, according to Experian’s 2021 State of Credit report, which classifies millennials as those born between 1982 and 1995. When including mortgages, millennials’ total debt averages $255,527 per person.

Yet like Bryant, many millennials aren’t homeowners. Bryant is currently still living with his parents, but keeping an eye out for a place of his own. The fact that home prices are skyrocketing and the supply of homes has hit record lows isn’t helping much.

“There's very little to offer in the way of affordable housing around here, even at the salary that I'm at right now, Bryant adds. While he makes about $70,000, Bryant says “in the grand scheme of things, it's really just a living wage.”

Of course, not all millennials are struggling. It’s a big generation and many have improved their circumstances. According to Experian’s research, Gen X actually carries more debt per individual than the average millennial.

“Our most recent research shows millennials have lowered their credit utilization rates and have fewer delinquencies year over year, which is a good thing,” says Rod Griffin, senior director of consumer education and awareness at Experian, a consumer credit reporting company.

The future is uncertain

That periodic undertow has made it difficult for Bryant to plan and save for the future. While his current employer offers a 401(k) that he’s contributing towards, he doesn’t have a robust retirement nest egg at this point. And while he did get benefits from his time in the military, he wasn't in long enough to get a pension.

For now, his retirement plan is to strike it big with either his or one of his family’s side gigs and work at that until he can't work anymore, Bryant says. "When you're in your 20s and you're just stepping out there, you've got a whole lifetime ahead of you. I don't feel I have that. I'll be catching up,” he says.

Yet Bryant does worry about what he’s passing onto his two daughter, if not a house or a major inheritance. "I just try my best to turn into positive motivation as much as possible,” he says. “I really just hope my kids understand that I couldn't give them everything that I wanted to get them, but I gave them everything I had.”

He's not alone. Despite the fact that many millennials have started saving for the future, 38% of millennials feel unprepared for retirement, the highest rate among the generations surveyed by NAFA. About 13% believe they’ll never retire, while another 18% of millennials don’t have a retirement plan.

By age 40, Fidelity recommends having three times their annual salary already saved for retirement. Those ages 35 to 44 earned a median salary of $85,694 in 2020, according to the latest U.S. Census Bureau data available. Three times that would be just over $257,000. Yet the median average amount millennials have saved for retirement is about $68,000, according to the 21st Annual Transamerica Retirement Survey published in August 2021.

But despite the burdens, Bryant says he'll figure out a way. If the setbacks have taught him nothing else, it's how to survive. “Age brings wisdom and I have a much broader perspective,” Bryant says of his future plans. “I can look back at the challenges that we have faced, and just kind of the times that we've overcome, I feel like I've gained a great sense of perseverance.”

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