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抗癌药物价格奇高,究竟是什么原因?

抗癌药物价格奇高,究竟是什么原因?

Rena Conti, Richard Frank, Leslie Dach 2021-05-14
允许联邦医疗保险就癌症处方药的价格进行谈判,“将创造一个良性循环,并增加疗效显著的新药的可获得性。”

图片来源:GETTY IMAGES

美国国会即将就《立即降低药品成本法案》(Lower Drug Costs Now Act,即H.R.3)的立法进行辩论。一旦通过,该法案将赋予联邦医疗保险(Medicare)就降低药品价格进行谈判的权力。重点是降低治疗各类疾病的药物价格,其中包括哮喘、关节炎和糖尿病。但许多人或许没有充分认识到该提案对降低抗癌药物价格的威力。抗癌药物现在贵得离谱,让病人和付款人苦不堪言。

美国国会预算办公室(Congressional Budget Office)估计,这项法案通过限制自付药物费用,将在未来十年为患者节省约1500亿美元,同时通过降低总体价格和减缓药价的未来涨幅,在未来十年为纳税人节省约4500亿美元。这些节余可以用来改善医疗保险福利、降低保费,或者用来扩大老年人或其他人群的医保覆盖范围。

制药业已经开始辩称,这项法案将终止创新,并阻挠亟需疗法,特别是抗癌类药物的研发工作。此言差矣。是的,我们能够同时拥有创新疗法和可承受的价格。

目前用于癌症治疗的资金是不可持续的

根据美国国家医学研究院(National Academy of Medicine)发布的一份报告,医疗保险为老年人支付了四分之三的癌症治疗费用,主要是药物成本;许多抗癌药物的价格上涨速度远远超过一般的药物和医疗费用。这在实践中意味着,当用于抗癌药物的支出增加时,用于其他公共资助医疗服务和社会需求的资金就会减少。

抗癌药物支出的其他部分由患者和商业健康计划承担,其资金来自雇主的缴款和受保雇员的工资。随着成本不断上涨,这些健康计划一直在想方设法地管理其抗癌药物支出,着手对保险覆盖范围施加限制,并将更多的成本转嫁给患者。如此一来,保险就无法履行其应尽之责,即为大病患者提供亟需的护理和经济保障。

但是,抗癌药带来的好处难道不值得付出这些成本吗?尽管美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)最近批准的一些新疗法可以带来全新且重要的临床效果,但许多疗法的作用却差强人意。此外,与抗癌药物治疗相关的费用可能会,也确实会迅速增长——病人每年需要多次输液、额外就诊、住院、做影像检查、测试,可能还需要使用其他昂贵药物配合治疗。

是什么原因导致抗癌药物价格奇高?

制药公司经常以药品创新是一项高风险、高成本的事业,抗癌药物能够显著减低死亡率和发病率为由,为这些药物的高价格辩护。

然而,相关证据并不支持这些说法。诚然,药品研发以风险大、成本高和周期长著称。然而,根据西部卫生政策中心(West Health Policy Center)和约翰斯•霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院(Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health)对公开会计数据的分析,制药公司的资产回报率比另一些最赚钱行业的资产回报率高出好几个百分点。此外,许多抗癌药物的价格在上市后持续上涨,哪怕它们并没有带来明显的临床效果。

那么,如何才可以阻止制药商动辄就对一种抗癌药收取100万美元或更高的费用呢?就我们目前的医疗体系而言,真的没有太多办法。大多数抗癌药物都没有直接的竞争对手。部分原因是,无论多么微小,新药的临床效果还是比现有药物更好一些。患者不能使用更便宜的替代药物,因为根本就没有。

一系列旨在提高抗癌药物价格透明度的努力,对抑制新药的上市价格助益甚微,也没有帮助付款人更明智地采购。

H.R.3将如何解决这些挑战

H.R.3法案将授予卫生与公众服务部部长(Secretary of Health and Human Services)就药品价格进行谈判的权力。它将改善癌症患者及其家庭的负担能力,并为付款人、雇主、工薪阶层和纳税人提供亟需的开支减免。

根据该法案的规定,这些谈判将以相关药物的有效性为指针(用来证明有效性的证据主要由制药公司自己来提供)。谈判也将以病人为中心,以癌症患者及其家属最关心的治疗结果为导向。

出于这些原因,这项提案得到了患者、保险公司、雇主和创新者的广泛支持。

批评者的错误理由

然而,在行业组织美国药品研究与制造商协会(PhRMA)的引领下,制药业正在竭力游说,反对赋予联邦医疗保险就降低药价进行谈判的权力。仅在2021年前三个月,前15家药企和行业协会花费的游说资金就超过4500万美元。其反对理由之一是,通过限制现有药物收取的高价格,这项提案将严重削弱药企未来创新的动力。

出于以下这几个原因,我们认为这是一个错误的主张。

首先,重要的不是新抗癌药物的总数,而是新药物创造的健康效益。尽管药企大肆炒作,但目前可用的大多数药物并不能够治愈癌症,而且许多药物对患者寿命或生活质量的提高都非常有限。

其次,癌症预防和治疗方面的许多潜在进展仍然投资不足,因为美国医疗体系的许多参与者认为这种投资是不值得的。这项立法节省下来的资金预计将用于扩大医疗保险的覆盖深度和广度,除其他影响外,这将减少癌症治疗的财务毒性。

第三,规划未来投资时,创新者最看重其整体盈利能力。从设计上看,H.R.3将促进那些拥有重大价值的抗癌药物获得更广泛的使用,并支持这些药物收取更高的价格,以确保公司从有价值的抗癌药物中获得利润,同时减少对效果不明显或微乎其微的药物的支出。这项立法节省下来的资金将用于支持下一代创新抗癌药物。

H.R.3将帮助美国医疗体系更好地为创新者的努力确定一个基于价值的公允价格。

这项立法的目的不是要削弱制药公司投资创新的能力。

相反,我们期望这些谈判(如果允许其长期发挥作用的话)将创造一个良性循环,增加新药的可获得性,为当前和未来的患者提供显著的健康益处。(财富中文网)

本文作者雷纳•康蒂是波士顿大学(Boston University)凯斯特罗姆商学院(Questrom School of Business)市场、公共政策和法律系(Department of Markets, Public Policy and Law)副教授。理查德•弗兰克是哈佛医学院(Harvard Medical School)卫生经济学Margaret T. Morris教席教授。莱斯利•达奇是“保护我们的医疗”(Protect Our Care)的主席,曾经担任美国卫生与公众服务部部长的高级顾问。

译者:任文科

美国国会即将就《立即降低药品成本法案》(Lower Drug Costs Now Act,即H.R.3)的立法进行辩论。一旦通过,该法案将赋予联邦医疗保险(Medicare)就降低药品价格进行谈判的权力。重点是降低治疗各类疾病的药物价格,其中包括哮喘、关节炎和糖尿病。但许多人或许没有充分认识到该提案对降低抗癌药物价格的威力。抗癌药物现在贵得离谱,让病人和付款人苦不堪言。

美国国会预算办公室(Congressional Budget Office)估计,这项法案通过限制自付药物费用,将在未来十年为患者节省约1500亿美元,同时通过降低总体价格和减缓药价的未来涨幅,在未来十年为纳税人节省约4500亿美元。这些节余可以用来改善医疗保险福利、降低保费,或者用来扩大老年人或其他人群的医保覆盖范围。

制药业已经开始辩称,这项法案将终止创新,并阻挠亟需疗法,特别是抗癌类药物的研发工作。此言差矣。是的,我们能够同时拥有创新疗法和可承受的价格。

目前用于癌症治疗的资金是不可持续的

根据美国国家医学研究院(National Academy of Medicine)发布的一份报告,医疗保险为老年人支付了四分之三的癌症治疗费用,主要是药物成本;许多抗癌药物的价格上涨速度远远超过一般的药物和医疗费用。这在实践中意味着,当用于抗癌药物的支出增加时,用于其他公共资助医疗服务和社会需求的资金就会减少。

抗癌药物支出的其他部分由患者和商业健康计划承担,其资金来自雇主的缴款和受保雇员的工资。随着成本不断上涨,这些健康计划一直在想方设法地管理其抗癌药物支出,着手对保险覆盖范围施加限制,并将更多的成本转嫁给患者。如此一来,保险就无法履行其应尽之责,即为大病患者提供亟需的护理和经济保障。

但是,抗癌药带来的好处难道不值得付出这些成本吗?尽管美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)最近批准的一些新疗法可以带来全新且重要的临床效果,但许多疗法的作用却差强人意。此外,与抗癌药物治疗相关的费用可能会,也确实会迅速增长——病人每年需要多次输液、额外就诊、住院、做影像检查、测试,可能还需要使用其他昂贵药物配合治疗。

是什么原因导致抗癌药物价格奇高?

制药公司经常以药品创新是一项高风险、高成本的事业,抗癌药物能够显著减低死亡率和发病率为由,为这些药物的高价格辩护。

然而,相关证据并不支持这些说法。诚然,药品研发以风险大、成本高和周期长著称。然而,根据西部卫生政策中心(West Health Policy Center)和约翰斯•霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院(Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health)对公开会计数据的分析,制药公司的资产回报率比另一些最赚钱行业的资产回报率高出好几个百分点。此外,许多抗癌药物的价格在上市后持续上涨,哪怕它们并没有带来明显的临床效果。

那么,如何才可以阻止制药商动辄就对一种抗癌药收取100万美元或更高的费用呢?就我们目前的医疗体系而言,真的没有太多办法。大多数抗癌药物都没有直接的竞争对手。部分原因是,无论多么微小,新药的临床效果还是比现有药物更好一些。患者不能使用更便宜的替代药物,因为根本就没有。

一系列旨在提高抗癌药物价格透明度的努力,对抑制新药的上市价格助益甚微,也没有帮助付款人更明智地采购。

H.R.3将如何解决这些挑战

H.R.3法案将授予卫生与公众服务部部长(Secretary of Health and Human Services)就药品价格进行谈判的权力。它将改善癌症患者及其家庭的负担能力,并为付款人、雇主、工薪阶层和纳税人提供亟需的开支减免。

根据该法案的规定,这些谈判将以相关药物的有效性为指针(用来证明有效性的证据主要由制药公司自己来提供)。谈判也将以病人为中心,以癌症患者及其家属最关心的治疗结果为导向。

出于这些原因,这项提案得到了患者、保险公司、雇主和创新者的广泛支持。

批评者的错误理由

然而,在行业组织美国药品研究与制造商协会(PhRMA)的引领下,制药业正在竭力游说,反对赋予联邦医疗保险就降低药价进行谈判的权力。仅在2021年前三个月,前15家药企和行业协会花费的游说资金就超过4500万美元。其反对理由之一是,通过限制现有药物收取的高价格,这项提案将严重削弱药企未来创新的动力。

出于以下这几个原因,我们认为这是一个错误的主张。

首先,重要的不是新抗癌药物的总数,而是新药物创造的健康效益。尽管药企大肆炒作,但目前可用的大多数药物并不能够治愈癌症,而且许多药物对患者寿命或生活质量的提高都非常有限。

其次,癌症预防和治疗方面的许多潜在进展仍然投资不足,因为美国医疗体系的许多参与者认为这种投资是不值得的。这项立法节省下来的资金预计将用于扩大医疗保险的覆盖深度和广度,除其他影响外,这将减少癌症治疗的财务毒性。

第三,规划未来投资时,创新者最看重其整体盈利能力。从设计上看,H.R.3将促进那些拥有重大价值的抗癌药物获得更广泛的使用,并支持这些药物收取更高的价格,以确保公司从有价值的抗癌药物中获得利润,同时减少对效果不明显或微乎其微的药物的支出。这项立法节省下来的资金将用于支持下一代创新抗癌药物。

H.R.3将帮助美国医疗体系更好地为创新者的努力确定一个基于价值的公允价格。

这项立法的目的不是要削弱制药公司投资创新的能力。

相反,我们期望这些谈判(如果允许其长期发挥作用的话)将创造一个良性循环,增加新药的可获得性,为当前和未来的患者提供显著的健康益处。(财富中文网)

本文作者雷纳•康蒂是波士顿大学(Boston University)凯斯特罗姆商学院(Questrom School of Business)市场、公共政策和法律系(Department of Markets, Public Policy and Law)副教授。理查德•弗兰克是哈佛医学院(Harvard Medical School)卫生经济学Margaret T. Morris教席教授。莱斯利•达奇是“保护我们的医疗”(Protect Our Care)的主席,曾经担任美国卫生与公众服务部部长的高级顾问。

译者:任文科

Congress is about to debate legislation—the Lower Drug Costs Now Act (H.R.3)—that would give Medicare the power to negotiate for lower drug prices. The bill focuses on lowering prices of drugs that treat a wide range of diseases including asthma, arthritis, and diabetes. But less well appreciated is the power of the proposal applied to cancer drugs. The prices of cancer drugs are now exceptionally high, harming patients and payers.

The Congressional Budget Office estimates the legislation will save patients about $150 billion overall over 10 years by capping their out-of-pocket drug costs, while saving taxpayers about $450 billion over 10 years by lowering overall prices and slowing future price increases of drugs. These savings can be used to improve Medicare benefits, reduce premiums, or expand insurance coverage for seniors or others.

The drug industry is already arguing that the bill will end innovation and stop the development of needed cures, particularly in the cancer arena. That is wrong. We can have both innovative treatments and affordable prices.

The current financing of cancer treatment is unsustainable

According a report released by the National Academy of Medicine, Medicare pays for three-quarters of drug-based cancer treatment for seniors, and many cancer drugs have prices that are rising far faster than the cost of drugs and medical care in general. What this means in practice is that when spending on cancer drugs goes up, there is less money for other publicly funded medical services and societal needs.

The remainder of spending on cancer drugs is borne by patients and by commercial health plans, funded by the contributions of employers and the wages of insured employees. As costs have mounted, these plans have looked for ways to manage their spending on cancer drugs, imposing restrictions on coverage and pushing more costs onto patients. Insurance would then fail to do its job of providing access to needed care and financial protection to patients when facing dread disease.

But aren’t the benefits worth the costs? Alas, no. While some recent FDA-approved new therapies embody treatment approaches that offer important new clinical benefits, many offer few, if any, benefits. Moreover, costs associated with cancer drug treatment can and do add up quickly, with multiple infusions required each year, additional visits, hospital stays, imaging, tests, and treatments with other expensive drugs.

What accounts for extraordinarily high cancer drug prices?

Pharmaceutical companies commonly cite the high-risk, high-cost enterprise of drug innovation and significant gains to mortality and reductions in morbidity to justify high cancer drug prices.

However, the evidence does not support these claims. To be sure, drug development is risky, costly, and takes time. However, publicly reported accounting data analyzed by researchers from the West Health Policy Center and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health shows that returns on assets for pharmaceutical companies exceed those of the most profitable industries by several percentage points. For many cancer drugs, prices also continue to increase after launch without demonstrated increases in benefit.

So what is to stop companies from charging a million dollars or more for a cancer drug? In our current system, not much. Most cancer drugs have no direct competitors, due in part to the fact that new drugs offer benefits, however small, over existing drugs. Patients can’t use the cheaper alternative because there isn’t one.

Efforts to improve the transparency of cancer drug prices have done little to tame the launch prices of new drugs, nor helped payers shop smarter.

How H.R.3 will resolve these challenges

H.R.3 would grant the Secretary of Health and Human Services the authority to negotiate drug prices. It will improve affordability for cancer patients and their families and also provide much needed spending relief to payers, employers, wage earners, and taxpayers.

Under the provisions of the bill, negotiations would be guided by the effectiveness of the drugs in question (supported by evidence that is largely generated by the drug companies themselves). The negotiations would also be patient-centric, guided by the outcomes that matter to cancer patients and their families.

For these reasons, the legislation has garnered widespread support among patients, insurers, employers, and innovators.

A false choice from critics

Nevertheless, the pharmaceutical industry, led by PhRMA, its lead trade association, is lobbying hard against giving Medicare the power to negotiate for lower drug prices. The top 15 drug companies and trade associations spent over $45 million in just the first three months of 2021 on lobbying, arguing in part that restrictions on the high prices charged for existing drugs would blunt incentives for future innovation.

This is a false choice for several reasons.

First, what matters is not the total number of new cancer drugs, but the health benefits created by new drugs. Despite the hype, most currently available cancer drugs are not cures, and many provide very limited gains to patients’ quantity or quality of life.

Second, many potential advances in cancer prevention and treatment remain underinvested in because various members of the U.S. system do not view such investments as worth the costs. Savings from this legislation are expected to be used to expand the depth and breadth of coverage that will among other impacts reduce the financial toxicity of cancer treatment.

Third, what matters to innovators when planning future investments is their overall profitability. By design, H.R.3 will support more widespread use and premium pricing for cancer drugs that provide significant value, ensuring company profits from valuable cancer drugs while reducing spending on drugs whose benefits are modest or negligible. Savings from this legislation will be used to support the next generation of innovative cancer drugs.

H.R.3 will help our system better arrive at a fair, value based price for innovators’ efforts.

This legislation does not aim to undermine the ability of pharmaceutical companies to invest in innovation.

Rather, we expect these negotiations, if allowed to work over time, will create a virtuous circle and increase the availability of new drugs that offer significant health benefits to current and future patients.

Rena Conti is associate professor in the Department of Markets, Public Policy and Law at Questrom School of Business, Boston University. Richard Frank is the Margaret T. Morris Professor of Health Economics at Harvard Medical School. Leslie Dach is the chair of Protect Our Care and a former senior counselor to the Secretary of Health and Human Services.

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