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对冲基金之王达利欧深陷危机

对冲基金之王达利欧深陷危机

Katherine Burton, 彭博社 2020-09-18
瑞•达利欧有可能难以保住自身令人垂涎的对冲基金之王头衔。

瑞•达利欧今年的境遇可谓是非常糟糕。

事实上,由于情况异常糟糕,这位亿万富翁有可能难以保住自身令人垂涎的对冲基金之王头衔。

达利欧1480亿美元的桥水基金(Bridgewater Associates)在今年出现了巨额亏损,而其竞争对手却在混乱的市场中赚到了钱。截至8月的亏损:其旗舰Pure Alpha II基金下跌了18.6%。

据超过25名熟悉公司内部运作的人士透露,上述亏损数字创下了公司十年以来的新高,而且也成为了公司不断增长的问题清单中的首要关注点。所有这些问题也迫使公司开启了危机管理。

首先,桥水的计算机模型连续第二年在一开始便对市场进行了误读。然后,大客户开始纷纷撤离。今年前七个月,投资者从该基金的净撤资额达到了35亿美元,而行业顾问预计后续还会有更多的资金流出。

然而屋漏偏逢连夜雨,达利欧在与前员工的仲裁战中败诉,与基金的前联席首席执行官争执不休,并裁掉了数十名员工。

对于71岁的达利欧来说,这个转变可谓是非同寻常,他长期以来一直都以自己是世界经济、管理等领域中的大思想家而自豪。随着达利欧一改其往日形象,高调出席世界经济论坛,并在2017年出版了介绍自家生活和商业法则的畅销书《原则》(Principles),该基金的内部人士担心公司已经迷失了方向。

在虚拟市政厅会议和致客户的信中,达利欧和基金公司的联席首席投资官试图用乐观色彩来粉饰当前的形势。他们表示,相对于成功,人们往往从错误中学到的东西更多。在今年,我们学到了很多东西。

落后的回报率

尽管面临着这种混乱形势,但该基金对自己的地位和为客户服务的能力充满信心。

这家总部位于康涅狄格州韦斯特波特(Westport)的基金公司在一份声明中表示:“投资者认为,对于像我们这样致力于了解世界是如何运作的公司来说,全球当前正在迅速变化的环境是一种强有力的环境。”

该基金表示,该基金有45项投资人出资承诺,其中很多都在10亿美元左右,但没有具体说明资金是进入了高费用的Pure Alpha对冲基金还是低费用的做多产品。

尽管一年以来市场充斥着动荡,但全球股票、黄金等资产的价格依然在不断上涨,因此该基金也没有理由为落后的回报率开脱。包括Caxton Associates和Brevan Howard Asset Management在内的竞争对手都实现了两位数的增长。

在经历了近十年的低个位数回报之后,再加上费用过高的影响,该基金在今年未能将其“大点子”转化为高回报,这可能成为了压倒某些投资者的最后一根稻草。

据知情消息人士(在获准公开发言之前不便透露姓名)透露,问题在于该基金在3月市场崩盘并缓慢地再次上涨时——尽管美联储推出了史无前例的支持措施——减少了风险敞口。因此,尽管该基金正确地指出应该做多股票、购买黄金和押注日元兑美元等交易,但却未能从自己的远见中受益。

这是一个错误,让人想起该基金在去年1月的做法。当时美联储主席杰罗姆•鲍威尔表示,他将不惜一切代价保持经济增长。在2018年上涨14.6%(这主要归功于该基金预测到了同年12月的市场崩盘)之后,该基金未能将投资组合转向涨势更好的头寸,其2019年前两个月的亏损略高于5%。作为回应,该基金调整了模型,以更好地应对这种范式转变。

敲定模型

当Renaissance Technologies等竞争对手使用数学密集型定量方法时,达利欧的公司和财富所采用的模式则将经济学视为一门类似于物理学永恒定律的学科。

前员工称,达利欧更广泛的业务分散了他对基金公司的注意力,并称其拒绝改变计算机模型,包括追加在其他公司已经成为标配的新数据类型,例如跟踪油轮和信用卡活动等。

一位了解该公司的人士则对这种说法提出异议,并表示在过去五年中,该基金对其技术进行了重大改进。

今年,在全球央行为应对新冠肺炎疫情向市场注入大量流动性之后,桥水的投资人员再次踏上了模型调整之路,旨在解释史无前例的干预和世界主要经济体几乎完全停摆的原因。他们花了一个多月的时间关闭了自认为在新环境下不会奏效的策略,并调整了他们认为适用的策略。

这位知情人士称,达利欧本人每周在这些问题上耗费的时间长达70个小时,并透露自8月以来,风险水平一直处于历史正常水平。

员工紧张不安

然而,人事纠纷让业绩问题变得更加复杂。前联席首席执行官艾琳•默里在7月起诉该基金拖延薪酬,并指称自己在离职方案的持续斗争中遭遇了性别歧视。投资者和顾问表示,这场纠纷让他们感到困扰,特别是考虑到默里在该公司和整个金融行业中的地位。

有报道称,研究主管卡伦•卡尼奥尔-坦布尔也与桥水就薪酬不平等的问题发生了争执。在相关报道发表后,她在给员工和投资者的一份纪要中表示,她的问题与性别无关。

在这种困境之中,桥水已经裁减了数十名员工,称考虑到疫情的原因,以及公司预计未来客户数量将会减少(尽管资产不一定会减少),因此基金公司需要的员工数量也会减少。该基金称其目前拥有约300名投资者,低于此前的约350名。

留下来的客户则表示,他们没有离开的原因是自1991年以来,该基金的年化收益率为10.4%,而且客户服务无与伦比。大约有200名员工(约占投资员工总数的一半)为客户提供服务,而且该基金还出版了一份带有市场分析的新闻通讯。此外,该基金还为客户制作有关其整个投资组合的定制报告,涵盖风险分析和通胀影响等各种内容。

但据与现任员工交谈过的人士透露,桥水的员工一直对糟糕的回报和裁员感到不安。

针对两名年轻基金经理劳伦斯•米尼康和扎卡里•斯奎尔的仲裁案亦引发了员工的担忧。这两人已经离开桥水,计划创办自己的公司Tekmerion Capital Management。仲裁小组在7月发现,桥水以虚假借口对这两人提起了窃取商业机密的诉讼,以减缓他们的创业进展。

仲裁小组裁决桥水必须支付Tekmerion创始人的法律费用,遭到了桥水的反对,但随后桥水选择了和解。

极端方法

这起诉讼突显了一些人所说的桥水对离职员工采取的极端做法。其中一项措施是:任何离职人员(包括被解雇的人)都必须面临两年的“无薪留职假”。在此期间,员工必须获得许可之后才能够从事新的工作。另外,该基金还有针对高级投资官员的交易机密协议。

这些合同非常苛刻,如果强制执行的话,可能会让离职员工无法在剩余的职业生涯中进行股票或外汇交易。根据前员工的估计,在该基金直接从事投资的200人中,约有四分之一发现很难或不可能再从事金融工作。不过,一位与桥水关系密切的消息人士透露,事实上数字没有那么高。

该基金公司在回答相关问题时表示,这样做的目的是保护其知识产权,并在员工离职后支持他们的职业生涯。

该公司在一份声明中称,“我们不会为了第二个目标而牺牲第一个目标,但我们非常努力地想要实现这两个目标。我们相信自己是公平合理的合作伙伴,在不必要的情况下我们没有理由去扩大这些限制的执行面。”

尽管如此,有鉴于Tekmerion案件的热议,该公司举办了一个公开论坛,以便员工对这个问题进行公开讨论。

公司今年对模型的调整最终可能会带来回报。在历史上,一开始举步维艰的桥水总会在经济低迷后呈现出蓬勃发展之势,并因此而名声大噪。虽然该基金在2008年金融危机期间亏损了20%,但在2010年和2011年分别上涨了45%和25%。在2000年互联网崩盘中损失了22%之后,该基金从2002年开始连续三年的回报率都超过20%。

对于一些可能已经对达利欧失去信心的投资者来说,他们觉得这一次桥水想要实现类似的反弹可能为时已晚。自卸任首席执行官以来,达利欧的公众形象一直源于他的书、肖恩•库姆斯等名人朋友,甚至是出席去年的火人节。

在埃默里大学和杜克基金会负责对冲基金投资的布拉德•阿尔福德说:“我在这个行业中已经做了30多年,看到过很多对冲基金创始人成为亿万富翁,然后专注于从事公司以外的其他事情。我见过资产呈爆炸式增长的公司,但这种增长带来的却是非常糟糕的业绩。”(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

瑞•达利欧今年的境遇可谓是非常糟糕。

事实上,由于情况异常糟糕,这位亿万富翁有可能难以保住自身令人垂涎的对冲基金之王头衔。

达利欧1480亿美元的桥水基金(Bridgewater Associates)在今年出现了巨额亏损,而其竞争对手却在混乱的市场中赚到了钱。截至8月的亏损:其旗舰Pure Alpha II基金下跌了18.6%。

据超过25名熟悉公司内部运作的人士透露,上述亏损数字创下了公司十年以来的新高,而且也成为了公司不断增长的问题清单中的首要关注点。所有这些问题也迫使公司开启了危机管理。

首先,桥水的计算机模型连续第二年在一开始便对市场进行了误读。然后,大客户开始纷纷撤离。今年前七个月,投资者从该基金的净撤资额达到了35亿美元,而行业顾问预计后续还会有更多的资金流出。

然而屋漏偏逢连夜雨,达利欧在与前员工的仲裁战中败诉,与基金的前联席首席执行官争执不休,并裁掉了数十名员工。

对于71岁的达利欧来说,这个转变可谓是非同寻常,他长期以来一直都以自己是世界经济、管理等领域中的大思想家而自豪。随着达利欧一改其往日形象,高调出席世界经济论坛,并在2017年出版了介绍自家生活和商业法则的畅销书《原则》(Principles),该基金的内部人士担心公司已经迷失了方向。

在虚拟市政厅会议和致客户的信中,达利欧和基金公司的联席首席投资官试图用乐观色彩来粉饰当前的形势。他们表示,相对于成功,人们往往从错误中学到的东西更多。在今年,我们学到了很多东西。

落后的回报率

尽管面临着这种混乱形势,但该基金对自己的地位和为客户服务的能力充满信心。

这家总部位于康涅狄格州韦斯特波特(Westport)的基金公司在一份声明中表示:“投资者认为,对于像我们这样致力于了解世界是如何运作的公司来说,全球当前正在迅速变化的环境是一种强有力的环境。”

该基金表示,该基金有45项投资人出资承诺,其中很多都在10亿美元左右,但没有具体说明资金是进入了高费用的Pure Alpha对冲基金还是低费用的做多产品。

尽管一年以来市场充斥着动荡,但全球股票、黄金等资产的价格依然在不断上涨,因此该基金也没有理由为落后的回报率开脱。包括Caxton Associates和Brevan Howard Asset Management在内的竞争对手都实现了两位数的增长。

在经历了近十年的低个位数回报之后,再加上费用过高的影响,该基金在今年未能将其“大点子”转化为高回报,这可能成为了压倒某些投资者的最后一根稻草。

据知情消息人士(在获准公开发言之前不便透露姓名)透露,问题在于该基金在3月市场崩盘并缓慢地再次上涨时——尽管美联储推出了史无前例的支持措施——减少了风险敞口。因此,尽管该基金正确地指出应该做多股票、购买黄金和押注日元兑美元等交易,但却未能从自己的远见中受益。

这是一个错误,让人想起该基金在去年1月的做法。当时美联储主席杰罗姆•鲍威尔表示,他将不惜一切代价保持经济增长。在2018年上涨14.6%(这主要归功于该基金预测到了同年12月的市场崩盘)之后,该基金未能将投资组合转向涨势更好的头寸,其2019年前两个月的亏损略高于5%。作为回应,该基金调整了模型,以更好地应对这种范式转变。

敲定模型

当Renaissance Technologies等竞争对手使用数学密集型定量方法时,达利欧的公司和财富所采用的模式则将经济学视为一门类似于物理学永恒定律的学科。

前员工称,达利欧更广泛的业务分散了他对基金公司的注意力,并称其拒绝改变计算机模型,包括追加在其他公司已经成为标配的新数据类型,例如跟踪油轮和信用卡活动等。

一位了解该公司的人士则对这种说法提出异议,并表示在过去五年中,该基金对其技术进行了重大改进。

今年,在全球央行为应对新冠肺炎疫情向市场注入大量流动性之后,桥水的投资人员再次踏上了模型调整之路,旨在解释史无前例的干预和世界主要经济体几乎完全停摆的原因。他们花了一个多月的时间关闭了自认为在新环境下不会奏效的策略,并调整了他们认为适用的策略。

这位知情人士称,达利欧本人每周在这些问题上耗费的时间长达70个小时,并透露自8月以来,风险水平一直处于历史正常水平。

员工紧张不安

然而,人事纠纷让业绩问题变得更加复杂。前联席首席执行官艾琳•默里在7月起诉该基金拖延薪酬,并指称自己在离职方案的持续斗争中遭遇了性别歧视。投资者和顾问表示,这场纠纷让他们感到困扰,特别是考虑到默里在该公司和整个金融行业中的地位。

有报道称,研究主管卡伦•卡尼奥尔-坦布尔也与桥水就薪酬不平等的问题发生了争执。在相关报道发表后,她在给员工和投资者的一份纪要中表示,她的问题与性别无关。

在这种困境之中,桥水已经裁减了数十名员工,称考虑到疫情的原因,以及公司预计未来客户数量将会减少(尽管资产不一定会减少),因此基金公司需要的员工数量也会减少。该基金称其目前拥有约300名投资者,低于此前的约350名。

留下来的客户则表示,他们没有离开的原因是自1991年以来,该基金的年化收益率为10.4%,而且客户服务无与伦比。大约有200名员工(约占投资员工总数的一半)为客户提供服务,而且该基金还出版了一份带有市场分析的新闻通讯。此外,该基金还为客户制作有关其整个投资组合的定制报告,涵盖风险分析和通胀影响等各种内容。

但据与现任员工交谈过的人士透露,桥水的员工一直对糟糕的回报和裁员感到不安。

针对两名年轻基金经理劳伦斯•米尼康和扎卡里•斯奎尔的仲裁案亦引发了员工的担忧。这两人已经离开桥水,计划创办自己的公司Tekmerion Capital Management。仲裁小组在7月发现,桥水以虚假借口对这两人提起了窃取商业机密的诉讼,以减缓他们的创业进展。

仲裁小组裁决桥水必须支付Tekmerion创始人的法律费用,遭到了桥水的反对,但随后桥水选择了和解。

极端方法

这起诉讼突显了一些人所说的桥水对离职员工采取的极端做法。其中一项措施是:任何离职人员(包括被解雇的人)都必须面临两年的“无薪留职假”。在此期间,员工必须获得许可之后才能够从事新的工作。另外,该基金还有针对高级投资官员的交易机密协议。

这些合同非常苛刻,如果强制执行的话,可能会让离职员工无法在剩余的职业生涯中进行股票或外汇交易。根据前员工的估计,在该基金直接从事投资的200人中,约有四分之一发现很难或不可能再从事金融工作。不过,一位与桥水关系密切的消息人士透露,事实上数字没有那么高。

该基金公司在回答相关问题时表示,这样做的目的是保护其知识产权,并在员工离职后支持他们的职业生涯。

该公司在一份声明中称,“我们不会为了第二个目标而牺牲第一个目标,但我们非常努力地想要实现这两个目标。我们相信自己是公平合理的合作伙伴,在不必要的情况下我们没有理由去扩大这些限制的执行面。”

尽管如此,有鉴于Tekmerion案件的热议,该公司举办了一个公开论坛,以便员工对这个问题进行公开讨论。

公司今年对模型的调整最终可能会带来回报。在历史上,一开始举步维艰的桥水总会在经济低迷后呈现出蓬勃发展之势,并因此而名声大噪。虽然该基金在2008年金融危机期间亏损了20%,但在2010年和2011年分别上涨了45%和25%。在2000年互联网崩盘中损失了22%之后,该基金从2002年开始连续三年的回报率都超过20%。

对于一些可能已经对达利欧失去信心的投资者来说,他们觉得这一次桥水想要实现类似的反弹可能为时已晚。自卸任首席执行官以来,达利欧的公众形象一直源于他的书、肖恩•库姆斯等名人朋友,甚至是出席去年的火人节。

在埃默里大学和杜克基金会负责对冲基金投资的布拉德•阿尔福德说:“我在这个行业中已经做了30多年,看到过很多对冲基金创始人成为亿万富翁,然后专注于从事公司以外的其他事情。我见过资产呈爆炸式增长的公司,但这种增长带来的却是非常糟糕的业绩。”(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

Ray Dalio is having a very bad year.

So very bad, in fact, that the billionaire risks losing his coveted title as king of hedge funds.

Dalio’s $148 billion Bridgewater Associates has run up hefty losses this year, even as rivals have minted money in the topsy-turvy markets. The damage as of August: an 18.6% drop in the flagship Pure Alpha II fund.

Those losses, the worst in a decade, top a sprawling list of troubles that has plunged Bridgewater into a round of crisis management, according to more than 25 people with knowledge of the firm’s inner workings.

First, Bridgewater’s computer models initially misread the markets for a second year in a row. Then, big clients began to head for the exits. Investors pulled a net $3.5 billion during the first seven months of the year. Industry consultants expect more to follow.

If all that weren’t enough, Dalio lost an arbitration fight with ex-staffers, is feuding with his former co-chief executive and has axed dozens of employees.

It’s a remarkable turnabout for Dalio, 71, who has long prided himself on being a big thinker on the world economy, management and more. Bridgewater insiders are concerned that the firm lost its way as Dalio cultivated his iconoclast image, hit the Davos circuit and published his 2017 best-seller, “Principles,” his rules for life and business.

At virtual town hall meetings and in client letters, Dalio and his co-chief investment officers have tried to put an optimistic face on the situation. Human beings tend to learn more from mistakes than successes, they say, and this year, we are learning a ton.

Lagging Returns

Despite the turmoil, the firm is confident about its position, and its ability to perform for clients.

“Investors believe this environment, where the world is changing rapidly, is a strong environment for a firm like ours that is so committed to understanding how the world works,” Westport, Connecticut-based Bridgewater said in a statement.

The firm has 45 commitments from investors, including many in the $1 billion range, it said without specifying whether the money is heading into the high-fee Pure Alpha hedge funds or low fee long-only products.

But there’s no getting away from lagging returns during a year when assets from global stocks to gold have risen amid the turmoil. Rivals including Caxton Associates and Brevan Howard Asset Management have posted double-digit gains.

This year’s inability to turn big ideas into big returns may be the last straw for some investors after nearly a decade of low-single-digit gains coupled with high fees.

The problem, according to those with inside knowledge who asked not to be identified without permission to speak publicly about the firm, is that Bridgewater cut risk in March as the market crashed and was slow to ramp up again—even as the Federal Reserve unleashed an unprecedented support effort. So even though it correctly touted trades such as going long equities, buying gold and betting on the yen against the dollar, it failed to benefit from its own foresight.

It’s a mistake that recalls the firm’s approach in January last year, when Fed Chairman Jay Powell signaled he’d do whatever it took to keep the economy growing. Having made 14.6% in 2018 mostly thanks to forecasting December’s market meltdown, Bridgewater failed to switch its portfolio to a more bullish position and lost just over 5% in the first two months of 2019. In response, it tweaked its models to better respond to the paradigm shift.

Fixing Models

While rivals such as Renaissance Technologies use math-heavy quantitative methods, Dalio has built his firm and fortune on models that treat economics as a discipline akin to the timeless laws of physics.

Former employees said that Dalio’s broader profile has distracted him from the firm. He has also resisted changing the computer models, they said, including adding new types of data that’s standard at other firms such as tracking oil tankers and credit card activity.

One person close to the firm disputed that characterization and said that over the past five years Bridgewater has made significant improvements to its processes.

This year, after central banks around the globe flooded markets with liquidity in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, Bridgewater investment staff worked again to change the models, this time to account for the unprecedented intervention and the near-complete shutdown of the world’s major economies. They spent more than a month turning off strategies they didn’t think would work in the new environment, and tweaking ones they believed were applicable.

Dalio himself spent as much as 70 hours a week working on the issues, said the person close to the firm, and the risk levels have been at historic norms since about August.

Staff Jitters

Compounding the performance issues, however, are personnel disputes. Former co-CEO Eileen Murray sued Bridgewater in July over her deferred compensation, and alleged gender discrimination in an ongoing battle over her departure package. Investors and consultants said the dispute troubled them, especially given Murray’s status at the firm and in the financial industry overall.

Karen Karniol-Tambour, head of research, has also been at loggerheads with Bridgewater over unequal pay, the Wall Street Journal reported. After the story was published she said in a note to staff and investors her issue had nothing to do with gender.

Amid the difficulties, Bridgewater has cut dozens of employees, saying that fewer are needed because of the pandemic and because it expects to have a smaller number of clients (though not necessarily fewer assets) in the future. The firm has said it now has about 300 investors, down from around 350.

The clients that have stayed cite an annualized 10.4% gain since 1991, and unparalleled customer service. Roughly 200 employees, about half the investment staff, work with clients, and the firm publishes a newsletter with market analysis. It also produces bespoke reports for clients on their entire portfolio -- everything from risk analysis to the impact of inflation.

But Bridgewater employees have been unsettled by the poor returns and the layoffs, according to people who have spoken to current staffers.

An arbitration case against two young money managers, Lawrence Minicone and Zachary Squire, who left Bridgewater and planned to start their own firm, Tekmerion Capital Management, also caused concern among staff. An arbitration panel found in July that Bridgewater had brought a theft of trade secrets case against the pair under false pretenses to slow down their progress.

Bridgewater, which fought the panel’s decision that it must pay the Tekmerion founders’ legal fees, has since settled the case.

Extreme Approach

The litigation highlights what some said is the firm’s extreme approach to departing staff. Among the measures: two years unpaid gardening leave for anyone who exits -- including those who were fired -- during which an employee must ask permission before taking a new job. There are also trade secret agreements for senior investment officials.

The contracts can be so strict that if enforced they could prevent an employee from, for example, trading equities or foreign exchange for the rest of their careers. About a fourth of the 200 people who work directly in investing at Bridgewater would find it very hard or impossible to take another job in finance, according to estimates from former employees, though a person close to the firm said that number was too high.

Bridgewater said in response to questions that its goals are to protect its intellectual property and to support employees in their careers after they leave.

“We won’t sacrifice the first goal for the second, but we work very hard to meet both goals,” it said in a statement. “We believe we are fair and reasonable partners and have no incentive to enforce the restrictions more broadly than necessary.”

Still, the buzz around the Tekmerion case caused the firm to hold an open forum where staff could discuss the issue.

This year’s changes to the models could eventually pay off—Bridgewater has famously thrived after downturns despite struggling at first. While it lost 20% during 2008’s financial crisis, it gained 45% and 25% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. And after losing 22% in the dot-com crash of 2000, it posted three straight years of returns over 20% from 2002.

A similar bounce back this time could come too late for some investors who may have already lost faith in Dalio. Since stepping back from CEO duties, his public persona has been shaped by his book, celebrity friends including Sean Combs and even attendance at last year’s Burning Man festival.

“I’ve been in the business for 30-plus years and seen a lot of hedge fund founders become billionaires and focus on other things besides their firms,” said Brad Alford, who ran hedge fund investments at Emory University and the Duke Endowment. “And I’ve seen firms where assets have exploded, and that growth brings really bad performance.”

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