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居家端粒检测:你的实际生理年龄有多大?

居家端粒检测:你的实际生理年龄有多大?

Jodi Helmer 2023-03-15
现在,有越来越多的公司提供非处方端粒检测方式,帮助人们了解身体衰老的状况。

图片来源:GETTY IMAGES

你可能听说过在家测DNA,甚至为了解更多祖先或疾病风险的信息,可能发过颊拭子或唾液样本的快递。现在,有越来越多的公司提供非处方端粒检测方式,帮助人们了解身体衰老的状况。

端粒是什么?

端粒是染色体末端DNA和蛋白质的组合。端粒类似鞋带末端的塑料尖端,能够防止DNA“磨损”或丢失遗传物质。随着年龄增长,端粒会变短。

西班牙萨拉曼卡大学(University of Salamanca)的护理和物理治疗教授胡安·路易斯·桑切斯·冈萨雷斯博士说:“端粒是重要的生物衰老标志,通常被认为是细胞的时钟或计时器,因为端粒标记细胞分裂的次数,直到细胞死亡。”

一些研究认为,如果端粒长度缩短,糖尿病、心血管疾病和寿命缩短的风险则会增加。研究重点在改变端粒长度,从而预防特定的年龄疾病风险以及降低衰老的影响。

端粒长度对认知能力或痴呆风险的影响尚不清楚。

在2022年的一项研究中,冈萨雷斯比较了70多岁经常锻炼和不锻炼的女性的端粒长度,发现端粒长度和认知能力之间并无关联。另一项研究发现,端粒长度偏短或偏长的话,罹患阿尔茨海默病的风险更高。一名研究员则指出关联“并不一致”。

“这是全新领域。”宾夕法尼亚州立大学(Pennsylvania State University)生物标志物核心实验室(Biomarker Core Lab)的基因研究员、教授苏·拉瑟弗德·西格博士表示。“我们仍然在努力研究和确定端粒缩短的各种影响。”

端粒检测有效吗?

一些提供家庭检测的公司承诺,通过DNA可以检测出实际生理年龄,并能够从中了解细胞健康程度。但事实上,端粒测试结果可能不具备参考价值。

“并不是说端粒长度到一定数值就代表不健康,因为正常端粒长度范围很大。”西格尔说。“端粒会随着年龄增长自然缩短……这只是自然衰老过程,不过人们发现,同为60岁的人,端粒长和端粒短差别巨大。”

多大年龄端粒多长算“健康”并无标准,而且评估端粒长度的方法就有多种,结果也往往存在显著差异。研究显示,常见测试方法即定量聚合酶链式反应或qPCR测试,结果的波动性高达20%,在不同日期检测可能会获得不同的结果。

“有些是检测误差,有些(端粒长度变化)可能是生物调节(或)缩短期和补偿期延长。”加州大学(University of California)衰老、代谢和情绪中心(Aging, Metabolism and Emotions Center)的联合主任埃莉萨·埃佩尔博士表示。“端粒短是健康风险因素之一,仅会略微增加患病风险。还有很多其他因素会影响患病风险,例如健康行为和基因。”

由于存在种种挑战,埃佩尔认为没有必要在家做端粒检测,并补充道:“如果有人非常希望在生活方式重大变化之前、期间和之后检测端粒长度,结果可能有点参考意义。但在我看来,(端粒检测)没有那么重要。”

如何保持端粒长度

想了解端粒长度或许并不需要交出信用卡信息,不过养成可以保持或改善端粒长度的健康习惯确实很重要。

多吃富含豆类、坚果、水果和咖啡的饮食(不喝含糖饮料,不吃红肉和加工肉类)可能有助于保持端粒长度;运动、良好睡眠和戒烟(或不吸烟)也与避免端粒缩短有关。不过西格尔指出,这些往往都代表着健康生活方式,不管对端粒具体影响如何都有好处。

尽管证据越来越多,不过就连研究人员也承认,需要进一步研究才能够加深理解端粒长度与健康衰老之间的关系。(财富中文网)

译者:夏林

你可能听说过在家测DNA,甚至为了解更多祖先或疾病风险的信息,可能发过颊拭子或唾液样本的快递。现在,有越来越多的公司提供非处方端粒检测方式,帮助人们了解身体衰老的状况。

端粒是什么?

端粒是染色体末端DNA和蛋白质的组合。端粒类似鞋带末端的塑料尖端,能够防止DNA“磨损”或丢失遗传物质。随着年龄增长,端粒会变短。

西班牙萨拉曼卡大学(University of Salamanca)的护理和物理治疗教授胡安·路易斯·桑切斯·冈萨雷斯博士说:“端粒是重要的生物衰老标志,通常被认为是细胞的时钟或计时器,因为端粒标记细胞分裂的次数,直到细胞死亡。”

一些研究认为,如果端粒长度缩短,糖尿病、心血管疾病和寿命缩短的风险则会增加。研究重点在改变端粒长度,从而预防特定的年龄疾病风险以及降低衰老的影响。

端粒长度对认知能力或痴呆风险的影响尚不清楚。

在2022年的一项研究中,冈萨雷斯比较了70多岁经常锻炼和不锻炼的女性的端粒长度,发现端粒长度和认知能力之间并无关联。另一项研究发现,端粒长度偏短或偏长的话,罹患阿尔茨海默病的风险更高。一名研究员则指出关联“并不一致”。

“这是全新领域。”宾夕法尼亚州立大学(Pennsylvania State University)生物标志物核心实验室(Biomarker Core Lab)的基因研究员、教授苏·拉瑟弗德·西格博士表示。“我们仍然在努力研究和确定端粒缩短的各种影响。”

端粒检测有效吗?

一些提供家庭检测的公司承诺,通过DNA可以检测出实际生理年龄,并能够从中了解细胞健康程度。但事实上,端粒测试结果可能不具备参考价值。

“并不是说端粒长度到一定数值就代表不健康,因为正常端粒长度范围很大。”西格尔说。“端粒会随着年龄增长自然缩短……这只是自然衰老过程,不过人们发现,同为60岁的人,端粒长和端粒短差别巨大。”

多大年龄端粒多长算“健康”并无标准,而且评估端粒长度的方法就有多种,结果也往往存在显著差异。研究显示,常见测试方法即定量聚合酶链式反应或qPCR测试,结果的波动性高达20%,在不同日期检测可能会获得不同的结果。

“有些是检测误差,有些(端粒长度变化)可能是生物调节(或)缩短期和补偿期延长。”加州大学(University of California)衰老、代谢和情绪中心(Aging, Metabolism and Emotions Center)的联合主任埃莉萨·埃佩尔博士表示。“端粒短是健康风险因素之一,仅会略微增加患病风险。还有很多其他因素会影响患病风险,例如健康行为和基因。”

由于存在种种挑战,埃佩尔认为没有必要在家做端粒检测,并补充道:“如果有人非常希望在生活方式重大变化之前、期间和之后检测端粒长度,结果可能有点参考意义。但在我看来,(端粒检测)没有那么重要。”

如何保持端粒长度

想了解端粒长度或许并不需要交出信用卡信息,不过养成可以保持或改善端粒长度的健康习惯确实很重要。

多吃富含豆类、坚果、水果和咖啡的饮食(不喝含糖饮料,不吃红肉和加工肉类)可能有助于保持端粒长度;运动、良好睡眠和戒烟(或不吸烟)也与避免端粒缩短有关。不过西格尔指出,这些往往都代表着健康生活方式,不管对端粒具体影响如何都有好处。

尽管证据越来越多,不过就连研究人员也承认,需要进一步研究才能够加深理解端粒长度与健康衰老之间的关系。(财富中文网)

译者:夏林

You may have heard about at-home DNA testing and might have even sent a cheek swab or saliva sample off in the mail to learn more about your ancestry or disease risk. Now, a growing number of companies are offering over-the-counter tests to measure your telomeres and provide insights into how your body is aging.

What are telomeres?

Telomeres are combinations of DNA and protein at the end of a chromosome. Similar to plastic tips on the ends of shoelaces, telomeres prevent DNA from “fraying” or losing genetic material. Your telomeres get shorter as you get older.

“Telomeres are the main biomarkers of aging,” says Juan Luis Sánchez González PhD, professor of nursing and physiotherap at the University of Salamanca in Spain. “They are considered to be the clocks or timers of the cell since they mark the number of cell divisions until the cell dies.”

Some research has linked shorter telomere length to an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and shorter lifespan. Research has also focused on changing telomere length as an avenue to prevent age-specific disease risk and limit the impacts of aging.

The impact of telomere length and cognitive performance or dementia risk is less clear.

In a 2022 study, González compared telomere length of physically active women in their seventies with inactive women in the same age group and found no correlation between telomere length and cognitive performance. Separate research found shorter and longer telomere length were associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. One researcher noted the link was “inconsistent.”

“This is a new field,” says Sue Rutherford Siegel Ph.D., a genetic researcher and professor in the Biomarker Core Lab at Penn State. “We’re still trying to research and identify all the ramifications of telomere shortening at this point in time.”

Does telomere testing work?

Some companies that offer at-home testing promise your DNA will reveal your true biological age and provide insight into your cellular health. In reality, the results obtained through telomere testing might not be valuable.

“It’s not like a person who has [a certain] measurement of telomere length is in good health because there’s a great range [in normal telomere length],” says Siegel. “Telomeres will shorten with age naturally…it’s just the natural progression of aging, but even among 60-year-olds, you’ll find a vast amount of differences between those that have long and short [telomeres].”

Not only is there no standard for what constitutes a “healthy” telomere length by age, there are also multiple methods for evaluating telomere length and often significant variations in the results. Research shows that one common test, the quantitative polymerase chain reaction or qPCR test, has up to a 20% variability in results and testing on different days can lead to different results.

“Some of it is measurement error but some [changes to telomere length] may be true biological regulation [or] periods of shortening and compensatory periods of lengthening,” says Elissa Epel PhD, co-director of the Aging, Metabolism and Emotions Center at the University of California. “Having short telomeres is simply a risk factor for health [but] it only slightly increases your risk for disease. So many other factors go into your risk [like] your health behaviors and your genetics.”

Given the challenges, Epel doesn’t believe it’s worth investing in at-home telomere testing, adding, “If someone is dedicated to getting repeated measures of telomere length, before, during and after a big lifestyle change, that could be interesting. But for me [testing] is not a priority.”

How to preserve telomere length

It might not be necessary to hand over your credit card information to learn your telomere length but it is important to prioritize healthy habits that could preserve or improve telomere length.

Eating a diet chock full of legumes, nuts, fruits, and coffee (and skipping sugar-sweetened drinks, red and processed meats) could help preserve telomere length; exercise, optimal sleep and quitting (or not smoking) were also linked to less telomere shortening—but Siegel notes that these are the oft-cited hallmarks of a healthy lifestyle and beneficial regardless of their impact on telomeres.

Despite a growing body of evidence, even researchers admit that further studies are needed to get a better understanding of the connection between telomere length and healthy aging.

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